The prevalence of obesity in Brazil is one of the highest in Latin America. As an inflammatory disease, obesity needs to be treated, and one of the best interventions is exercise. This research aims to learn more about the effects of combining high-intensity training, recovery hypoxia, and taurine supplementation. To better understand these effects, the researchers will compare hypoxia and normoxia, as well as taurine and placebo, with all participants training in the same way. The researchers will also investigate mitochondrial respiration and food consumption to connect certain aspects of obesity with overall health.
Obesity is characterized by a chronic inflammatory state, often linked with elevated oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. While physical exercise can trigger inflammatory responses due to muscle damage, it also promotes significant bodily adaptations, particularly in body composition, physical fitness, and skeletal muscle tissue, including enhanced mitochondrial dynamics. Moderate hypoxia, when combined with exercise, further amplifies these benefits by increasing the expression of genes related to mitochondrial biogenesis, GLUT1 expression, and angiogenesis. Previous findings suggest that high-intensity physical activity not only improves cardiorespiratory capacity and alters body composition but also significantly elevates inflammation. Consequently, taurine, a supplement known for its anti-inflammatory properties and ability to reduce oxidative stress, should be considered to mitigate these issues and optimize the benefits of exercise and hypoxia. Based on these premises, it is hypothesized that the combination of taurine supplementation with physical training under recovery hypoxia may reduce the significant rise in pro-inflammatory cytokines, thereby enhancing the potential benefits of exercise and moderate hypoxia.
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
SINGLE
Enrollment
50
The initial part will last 5 minutes at low intensity, corresponding to "easy" by the RPE. The main part will be performed at the intensity of training zone 3 (100-110% of the Lan), lasting 5 minutes with a rest of 2.5 minutes between exercises. The intensity will be controlled by HR and RPE. The final part will last 3 minutes at low intensity, corresponding to "easy" by the RPE. The load progression occurred during the first four weeks, starting with 3 sets and adding 1 set per week. The intensity of each effort is 100-110%HRAnTh.
University of São Paulo, School of Physical Education and Sports of Ribeirão Preto.
Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
RECRUITINGUniversity of São Paulo, School of Physical Education and Sports of Ribeirão Preto
Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
RECRUITINGAnthropometry - Height
Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) will be use for: Height measured in meters.
Time frame: 12 weeks
Anthropometry - Weight
Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) will be use for: Changes in body weight in kilograms (kg).
Time frame: 12 weeks
Anthropometry - BMI
Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) will be use for: Changes in body mass index (BMI = weight measured(kg) / (height (m)²).
Time frame: 12 weeks
Body composition - Free-fat mass
Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) will be use for: Changes in body composition for fat-free mass (grams and %).
Time frame: 12 weeks
Body composition - Fat mass
Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) will be use for: Changes in body composition for fat mass (grams and %).
Time frame: 12 weeks
Body composition - Bone
Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) will be use for: Changes in body composition for bone mineral content (g.cm²).
Time frame: 12 weeks
Lipid profile - Cholesterol
Quantified by Total Liquiform Cholesterol Kit, HDL Cholesterol Kit and Liquiform Triglycerides Kit, from Labtest diagnóstica®, using an enzymatic system and absorbance spectrophotometer: Changes in total cholesterol (mg/dL).
Time frame: 12 weeks
Lipid profile - Triglycerides
Quantified by Total Liquiform Cholesterol Kit, HDL Cholesterol Kit and Liquiform Triglycerides Kit, from Labtest diagnóstica®, using an enzymatic system and absorbance spectrophotometer: Changes in triglycerides (mg/dL).
Time frame: 12 weeks
Lipid profile - HDL/LDL
Quantified by Total Liquiform Cholesterol Kit, HDL Cholesterol Kit and Liquiform Triglycerides Kit, from Labtest diagnóstica®, using an enzymatic system and absorbance spectrophotometer: Changes in HDL-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL).
Time frame: 12 weeks
Lipid profile - Glucose
Quantified by Total Liquiform Cholesterol Kit, HDL Cholesterol Kit and Liquiform Triglycerides Kit, from Labtest diagnóstica®, using an enzymatic system and absorbance spectrophotometer: Changes in blood glucose (mg/dL).
Time frame: 12 weeks
Inflammatory profile - pro inflammatory
Changes in serum levels of cytokines will be evaluated with MILLIPLEX® Kit. Pro- inflammatory citokines: IL-6, TNF-α (pg/mL).
Time frame: 12 weeks
Inflammatory profile - anti inflammatory
Changes in serum levels of cytokines will be evaluated with MILLIPLEX® Kit. Ant- inflammatory citokines: IL-10 (pg/mL), Adiponectin (ng/mL).
Time frame: 12 weeks
Aerobic performance - HRAnTh
Physical tests performed pre-, after 6 weeks and post- intervention to assess aerobic physical fitness by incremental test in cycle ergometer. The test aim to evaluate: Anaerobic threshold (AT) using heart rate (HR).
Time frame: 12 weeks
Aerobic performance - IAnTh
Physical tests performed pre-, after 6 weeks and post- intervention to assess aerobic physical fitness by incremental test in cycle ergometer. The test aim to evaluate: Anaerobic threshold (AT) using intensity in Watts (W).
Time frame: 12 weeks
Aerobic performance - RPEAnTh
Physical tests performed pre-, after 6 weeks and post- intervention to assess aerobic physical fitness by incremental test in cycle ergometer. The test aim to evaluate: Anaerobic threshold (AT) using Rate of Perceived Effort (RPE).
Time frame: 12 weeks
Aerobic performance - LacAnTh
Physical tests performed pre-, after 6 weeks and post- intervention to assess aerobic physical fitness by incremental test in cycle ergometer. The test aim to evaluate: Anaerobic threshold (AT) using lactate concentration \[lac-\].
Time frame: 12 weeks
Aerobic performance - VO2
Physical tests performed pre-, after 6 weeks and post- intervention to assess aerobic physical fitness by incremental test in cycle ergometer. The test aim to evaluate: VO2peak in ml.kg-1.min-1.
Time frame: 12 weeks
Food Intake
A food record of three non-consecutive days: two days of the week and one day in the weekend. This evaluation will last 12 weeks. Will be evaluated with Dietwin® software (São Paulo, Brazil): The macronutrients, micronutrients and fiber in quilocalories and percentage (%)
Time frame: 12 weeks
Food quality
The feed will undergo analysis through the NOVA Classification. By NOVA, food will be classified into four groups: Group 1 - Unprocessed or minimally processed foods; Group 2 - Processed culinary ingredients; Group 3 - Processed foods; Group 4 - Ultra-processed foods. For each category, the total calories ingested will be calculated, and later, represented in percentage (%) the participation of each food group in the general diet.
Time frame: 12 weeks
Taurine rates
The participants will supplement 3g of taurina or placebo during 12 weeks. The rate of plasmatic taurine (mmol) will be evaluated during pre and post intervention.
Time frame: 12 weeks
Muscle biopsy - RNA
After biopsy the tissue will be treated for: qPCR analysis.
Time frame: 12 weeks
Muscle biopsy - Protein
After biopsy the tissue will be treated for: Western blotting analysis.
Time frame: 12 weeks
Muscle biopsy - Mitochondria
After biopsy the tissue will be treated for: High-resolution respirometry of muscle fibers analysis.
Time frame: 12 weeks
Training measures - RPE
The Borg scale will be use to quantify the: Rate of Perceived Effort (RPE) - will be noted after each effort during all the training program.
Time frame: 12 weeks
Training measures - TRIMP
The internal load will be calculated using TRIMP: Calculated multipling the RPE for the time in effort (TRIMP = RPE \* time in effort), for each participant and training session.
Time frame: 12 weeks
Training measures - SP02
The Oxygen saturation (SpO2) will be measure in percent (%), using a pulse oximeter. SpO2 (%) will be noted after the end of the effort, the lowest point during the rest and in the end of the rest.
Time frame: 12 weeks
Training measures - HR
The heart rate (HR) will be measure in beats per minute (BPM) with Polar clock.
Time frame: 12 weeks
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