Salivary and serum levels of TMAO and TNF-A can distinguish between individuals with periodontitis and periodontally healthy persons, including smoking and nonsmoking patients.
Tobacco use is a prevalent global habit with notable impacts on general health and periodontal disease. Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) is a compound involved in the pathogenesis of various systemic inflammatory diseases, including cardiovascular conditions. The aim of this study was to determine differences in saliva and serum levels of TMAO between periodontitis and periodontally healthy patients according to smoking status. The study includes four groups: systemically and periodontally healthy non-smokers (NS- Control; n = 25), systemically healthy non-smokers with Stage-III Grade-B periodontitis (NS- Periodontitis; n = 25), systemically and periodontally healthy smokers (S-Control; n = 25), and systemically healthy smokers with Stage-III Grade-C periodontitis (S-Periodontitis; n = 25). Periodontal parameters were recorded. TMAO levels were determined in saliva and serum samples using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). TNF-α levels were measured by ELISA method.
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Purpose
PREVENTION
Masking
NONE
Enrollment
100
Saliva were collected to analyze the selected markers as unstimulated samples during the early hours of the day. The saliva was centrifuged and then transferred into Eppendorf tubes. Venous puncture was performed after saliva collection and 10 mL of blood samples were collected by qualified staff from each participant. Saliva and serum were then stored at -80 °C until analysis.
Istanbul Medipol University, School of Dentistry
Istanbul, Fatih, Turkey (Türkiye)
Pocket probing depth
Measurement of the depth of a sulcus or periodontal pocket determined by measuring distance from a gingival margin to the base of the sulcus or pocket with a calibrated periodontal probe
Time frame: 3 months
Clinical attachment level
Clinical attachment level (or loss, CAL) is a more accurate indicator of the periodontal support around a tooth than probing depth alone. CAL is measured from a fixed point on the tooth that does not change, the CEJ. To calculate CAL, two measurements are needed: distance from the gingival margin to the CEJ and probing depth. In recession: probing depth (+) gingival margin to the CEJ (add). In tissue overgrowth: probing depth (-) gingival margin to the CEJ (subtract)
Time frame: 4 months
Bleeding on probing
Bleeding on probing referring to bleeding that is induced by gentle manipulation of the tissue at the depth of the gingival sulcus, or interface between the gingiva and a tooth
Time frame: 4 months
serum and saliva analyses for TMAO levels
TMAO levels were determined in saliva and serum samples using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). TNF-α levels were measured by ELISA method.
Time frame: 1 month
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