Development of the Online Mindfulness-based Intervention (MFU-Mindful Application) for Thai-university Students

Suanprung Stress Test-20, SPST-20

This is a self-administered questionnaire consisting of 20 items, which was adapted and translated into Thai by Mahatnirunkul et al. (1997). This scale provides one score reflecting sensitivity to stress, sources of stress, and physiological reactions to stress (e.g., muscular stress, nervous systems, emotional stress, and cognitive stress). This scale measures how much daily activities produce work-related stress and individuals' responses to stress. Respondents are asked to choose from five possible responses in a format requiring them to describe how they feel at this very moment on a 5-point intensity scale: 1 = no stress, 2 = mild stress, 3, = moderate stress, 4 = much stress, and 5=extreme stress. Higher scores indicate higher levels of stress. Researchers have divided the SPST-20 stress scores into four levels: 0-24, mild; 25-42, moderate; 43-62, high; and over 63, severe stress (Mahatnirunkul et al., 1997). Cronbach's alpha was reported to be more than .7 (Jitvaropas et al., 2

Time frame: baseline-at week 8 (over 8 week)

State-Trait Anxiety Inventory Form Y-1

STAI form -1, Thai version. This scale is a self-report questionnaire developed by Spielberger and Sydeman (1994) and was translated into Thai by Thapinta (1991). This scale consists of 20 items including 10-positive items and 10-negative items. Respondents are asked to choose from four possible responses in a format requiring them to describe how they feel at this very moment on a 4-point intensity scale: 1 = not at all, 2 = somewhat, 3, = moderately, 4 = very much. Thus, possible scores ranged from 1 to 80. Higher scores indicate higher anxiety (Thapinta, 1991). For this study, the Cronbach's alpha coefficient was .80.

Time frame: baseline- at week 8 (over 8 week)

Philadelphia Mindfulness Scale, Thai version

This scale is a self-report questionnaire with 20 items, which was developed and translated by Silpakit et al. (2004). It consists of 2 subscales, awareness and acceptance, with response options from 1 to 5 (1=never, 2=rarely, 3=sometimes, 4=often, and 5=very often). A higher score indicates a higher mindfulness level. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient of awareness and acceptance among Thai-population were .87 and .88, respectively (Silpakit et al., 2004). For this study, the Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.92 for the total score.

Time frame: baseline- at week 8 (over 8 week)

Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale-Thai version, CES-D-Thai version.

CES-D Thai version is a self-report questionnaire with a total of 20 items, which was developed by the Center for Epidemiologic Studies at the U.S. National Institute of Mental Health and was translated and adapted into Thai by Trangkasombat et al. (1997). The reliability of this instrument was .86 among Thai adolescents (Trangkasombat et al., 1997). Respondents are asked to choose from four possible responses where 0 = rarely or none of the time (less than 1 day), and 4 = almost or all of the time (5 to 7 days). A total score is calculated by summing all items providing a possible range from 0 to 60. Higher scores reflect greater levels of depressive symptoms. The CES-D has 4 separate subscales: positive affect, negative affect, somatic symptoms, and interpersonal relations. Items on the positive affect subscale are reversed to reflect 'unhappy' or 'lack of well-being' (Trangkasombat et al., 1997). The CES-D has good internal consistency with alphas of 0.85 for the general population

Time frame: baseline- over 8 week