Effects of Exercise and Metformin on Methylglyoxal Levels in Prediabetic Individuals

Inclusion Criteria: * Patients who were newly diagnosed with prediabetes by Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) and/or HbA1C, * who were assessed as physically inactive (Level 1) according to the International Physical Activity Questionnaire * who had sufficient motivation to participate in the exercise program (assessed by one-on-one interviews conducted by the researchers), * who were deemed suitable to participate in the exercise program after a cardiac examination by a cardiologist (with resting electrocardiogram and questioning of cardiac symptoms, and advanced tests such as exercise electrocardiogram test when necessary), * who had the same weight (±2.5 kg) for 6 months before participating in the study. Exclusion Criteria: * having a serious medical condition that would prevent the person from participating in the exercise study (e.g. advanced malignancy or major neurological, psychiatric or endocrine disease, respiratory failure, etc.), * having used metformin for 6 months before the study, having cardiovascular disease, * heart failure, cancer, having a BMI \<19 kg/m2, receiving hormone replacement therapy, * having a life expectancy of less than 1 year, being HIV positive, substance use, * functional dependence, having an orthopedic disease that prevents physical activity, * having cognitive impairment and other diseases that would affect the study results (respiratory diseases, muscle diseases, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, etc.), * using medications or supplements that would affect the study results.