The goal of this observational study is to investigate the effect of primary dysmenorrhea on strength of hip joint muscles in females.
The menstrual cycle is a physiological process in females manifested as periodic vaginal bleeding due to the shedding of the uterine lining (menstruation). Characterized by dynamic fluctuations in serum concentrations of several female sex steroid hormones. Estrogen, progesterone, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH) play a critical role in regulating the precise timing and events of the ovulatory cycle. Dysmenorrhea is considered a menstrual disorder and defined as painful menstrual cramps of uterine origin. It is classified as either primary or secondary dysmenorrhea (SD). Primary dysmenorrhea (PD) constitutes a prevalent gynecological condition in the absence of any identifiable pelvic pathology, characterized by cramping and severe pain localized within the lower abdomen. The prevalence of primary dysmenorrhea in females of reproductive age ranges from 45.0% to 94.0% in countries worldwide with 2% to 29% experiencing severe pain. A greater prevalence (70% to 90%) was generally reported among younger women (\<24 years). Moderate and severe dysmenorrhea has even become a major reason for absenteeism from academic and professional settings and physical activity limitation in young women. Physical activity from standing, walking and balance to high impact sports was found to be directly influenced by the strength, power, and endurance of lower limb (LL) muscles especially hip muscles. Previous studies showed that the strength of LL muscles is influenced by the hormonal fluctuation that occurs during menstrual cycle phases. These trial participants; will be divided into two groups: (Group A): Female with symptomatic PD according to WaLLID scale. (Group B): Female with asymptomatic PD according to WaLLID scale.
Study Type
OBSERVATIONAL
Enrollment
40
Assessment of the strength of hip flexors and extensors muscles: * Participants will be in a supine-lying position, the highest reliability (ICC = 0.90) according to the results of the meta-analysis (Contreras et al., 2021). * Seat orientation 0°. * Dynamometer tilt 0° and orientation 0°. * The axis of the dynamometer on the greater trochanter of the femur. * The test parameters included a 0-90 degree range of motion. * During the isokinetic testing movement, the hip was first flexed from a neutral (starting) position to 90° (for hip flexion) and then the direction of the movement was reversed (for hip extension) * Angular speed at 120°/s which shows excellent reliability (ICC = 95%) with concentric contraction mode (Contreras et al., 2021) .
Cairo University
Giza, Egypt
1- Hip flexors isokinetic strength 2- Hip extensors isokinetic strength
The Biodex isokinetic dynamometer (System 4 pro) will be used to assess the strength of hip flexors and extensors during different phases of menstrual cycle.
Time frame: 3 months
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