Comparison of Clinical Effectiveness of Full Endoscopic Lumbar Discectomy (FELD) and Microdiscectomy (MD) in Patients With Lumbar Disc Herniation

FELD is a minimally invasive spine surgery technique performed through small incisions using an endoscope. The procedure involves accessing the herniated disc through either the transforaminal (TELD) or interlaminar (IELD) approach, depending on the location of the disc herniation. The endoscopic approach allows for direct visualization of the affected area using a camera, and specialized instruments are used to remove the herniated portion of the disc. What distinguishes this intervention: * Small incisions (typically \<1 cm) result in less soft tissue damage compared to traditional open surgery. * Real-time endoscopic visualization allows for precise disc removal and reduced trauma to surrounding structures such as muscles and ligaments. * Minimized postoperative pain and faster recovery times due to the less invasive nature of the procedure. * Outpatient or short hospital stay is often possible, contributing to faster patient discharge.

FELD is a minimally invasive spine surgery technique performed through small incisions using an endoscope. The procedure involves accessing the herniated disc through either the transforaminal (TELD) or interlaminar (IELD) approach, depending on the location of the disc herniation. The endoscopic approach allows for direct visualization of the affected area using a camera, and specialized instruments are used to remove the herniated portion of the disc. What distinguishes this intervention: * Small incisions (typically \<1 cm) result in less soft tissue damage compared to traditional open surgery. * Real-time endoscopic visualization allows for precise disc removal and reduced trauma to surrounding structures such as muscles and ligaments. * Minimized postoperative pain and faster recovery times due to the less invasive nature of the procedure. * Outpatient or short hospital stay is often possible, contributing to faster patient discharge.

Microdiscectomy is a conventional surgical technique for treating lumbar disc herniation, involving a small open incision. In this procedure, the surgeon makes an incision typically between 2-3 cm in length, then uses an operating microscope to gain magnified visualization of the herniated disc. The surgeon removes part of the lamina (laminotomy) to access the disc and nerves. Special instruments are used to remove the herniated portion of the disc that is compressing the spinal nerves, relieving symptoms such as pain, numbness, and weakness. What distinguishes this intervention: * Larger incision (2-3 cm) compared to FELD, but still smaller than traditional open discectomy, allowing better visualization. * Microscopic magnification allows precise removal of disc material while minimizing trauma to surrounding neural structures. * Direct access to the affected area via the removal of part of the lamina (laminotomy), offering a well-established and highly effective approach to reli