Effects of Plant-based Meat Alternatives in Comparison to Chicken Meat on Postprandial Metabolism in Healthy Adults

University of Bonn20 enrolled

Overview

The aim of this study is to investigate the postprandial metabolic responses to plant-based meat alternatives made from different protein ingredients (pea, wheat or soy protein) in comparison to chicken in healthy adults. Therefore, young healthy subjects consume 4 test meals with 40 g of protein from pea protein, wheat protein, soy protein or chicken in a randomized order. In a postprandial period of 6 hours, parameters of protein, glucose and lipid metabolism (i.a. plasma amino acids), gastric emptying and hunger/satiety are analysed. It is assumed that the plasma amino acid profile after plant protein ingestion differs depending on protein source and in comparison to chicken protein.

In a randomized crossover-design, 20 healthy women and men consume 4 test meals containing either 40 g of protein from plant-based meat alternatives (pea, wheat and soy protein extrudate) or chicken together with 1 g paracetamol, which is used as a marker for gastric emptying. During a postprandial period of 6 hours parameters of protein metabolism (e.g. amino acids in plasma and urine), glucose metabolism (e.g. plasma glucose, serum insulin), lipid metabolism (serum triglycerides, total cholesterol , LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, free fatty acids), serum uric acids, hunger- and satiety-associated gastrointestinal hormones (serum ghrelin, plasma GLP-1), and gastric emptying rate (based on plasma paracetamol) are analysed. Furthermore, subjective hunger/satiety and acceptance of the meals are assed using visual analogue scales. Each intervention arm will be separated by a washout period of at least 7 days.

Study Type

INTERVENTIONAL

Allocation

RANDOMIZED

Purpose

BASIC_SCIENCE

Masking

SINGLE

Enrollment

Interventions

Pea proteinOTHER

Ingestion of a meal containing 40 g of protein from pea protein extrudate

Wheat proteinOTHER

Ingestion of a meal containing 40 g of protein from wheat protein extrudate

Soy proteinOTHER

Ingestion of a meal containing 40 g of protein from soy protein extrudate

ChickenOTHER

Ingestion of a meal containing 40 g of protein from chicken

Eligibility

Sex: ALLMin age: 20 YearsMax age: 40 YearsHealthy volunteers:

Medical Language ↔ Plain English

Inclusion Criteria: * non-smoking * metabolically healthy * normal weight (BMI: 18,5 - 24,9 kg/m2) * written informed consent Exclusion Criteria * pregnancy, lactation * hypo- or hypertension * underweight or overweight/obesity * food intolerances and allergies (especially soy, pea, wheat/gluten) * malabsorption syndromes * gastrointestinal diseases * thyroid diseases * diabetes mellitus type 1 and type 2 * impaired kidney or liver function * anaemia * blood coagulation disorders * irregular menstrual cycle * endometriosis, severe menstrual problems * hormonal contraception * regular use of medications (especially habitual use of paracetamol or medications that may interact with paracetamol) * hypersensitivity to paracetamol * body weight below 50 kg * alcohol abuse * glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency * Gilbert\'s syndrome * eating disorders (especially anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa) * smoking * participation in another study

Outcomes

Primary Outcomes

Amino acid profile in blood

Analysis of amino acid profile in plasma (nmol/ml)

Time frame: Postprandial period of 6 hours (Time points: fasting (0) and 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240 and 360 minutes)

Secondary Outcomes

Amino acid profile in urine

Analysis of amino acids in urine (nmol/mL)

Time frame: Postprandial period of 6 hours

Urea in blood

Analysis of urea (mg/dL) in blood

Time frame: Postprandial period of 6 hours (Time points: fasting (0) and 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240 and 360 minutes)

Nitrogen in blood

Analysis of nitrogen (mg/dL) in blood

Time frame: Postprandial period of 6 hours (Time points: fasting (0) and 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240 and 360 minutes)

Glucose in blood

Analysis of glucose (mmol/L) in blood

Time frame: Postprandial period of 6 hours (Time points: fasting (0) and 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240 and 360 minutes)

Insulin in blood

Analysis of insulin (pmol/L) in blood

Time frame: Postprandial period of 6 hours (Time points: fasting (0) and 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240 and 360 minutes)

C-peptide in blood

Analysis C-peptide (pg/ml) in blood

Time frame: Postprandial period of 6 hours (Time points: fasting (0) and 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120 and 360 minutes)

Glucagon in blood

Analysis of glucagon (pg/ml) in blood

Time frame: Postprandial period of 6 hours (Time points: fasting (0) and 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240 and 360 minutes)

Uric acid in blood

Analysis of uric acid (mg/dL) in blood

Time frame: Postprandial period of 6 hours (Time points: fasting (0) and 30, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240 and 360 minutes)

Calcium in blood

Analysis of calcium (mmol/l) in blood

Time frame: Postprandial period of 6 hours (Time points: fasting (0) and 30, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240 and 360 minutes)

Iron in blood

Analysis of iron (µg/l) in blood

Time frame: Postprandial period of 6 hours (Time points: fasting (0) and 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240 and 360 minutes)

Zinc in blood

Analysis of zinc (µg/l) in blood

Time frame: Postprandial period of 6 hours (Time points: fasting (0) and 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240 and 360 minutes)

Selenium in blood

Analysis of selenium (µg/l) in blood

Time frame: Postprandial period of 6 hours (Time points: fasting (0) and 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240 and 360 minutes)

Copper in blood

Analysis of copper (µg/l) in blood

Time frame: Postprandial period of 6 hours (Time points: fasting (0) and 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240 and 360 minutes)

Triglycerides in blood

Analysis of triglycerides (mmol/l) in blood

Time frame: Postprandial period of 6 hours (Time points: fasting (0) and 30, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240 and 360 minutes)

Total cholesterol in blood

Analysis of total cholesterol (mmol/l) in blood

Time frame: Postprandial period of 6 hours (Time points: fasting (0) and 30, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240 and 360 minutes)

LDL cholesterol in blood

Analysis of LDL cholesterol (mmol/l) in blood

Time frame: Postprandial period of 6 hours (Time points: fasting (0) and 30, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240 and 360 minutes)

HDL cholesterol in blood

Analysis of HDL cholesterol (mmol/l) in blood

Time frame: Postprandial period of 6 hours (Time points: fasting (0) and 30, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240 and 360 minutes)

Free fatty acids in blood

Analysis of free fatty acids (mmol/L) in blood

Time frame: Postprandial period of 6 hours (Time points: fasting (0) and 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240 and 360 minutes)

Gastric emptying rate

Analysis of gastric emptying rate based on paracetamol kinetics in blood (µg/mL)

Time frame: Postprandial period of 6 hours (Time points: fasting (0) and 30, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240 and 360 minutes)

Ghrelin in blood

Analysis of ghrelin (pg/mL) in blood

Time frame: Postprandial period of 6 hours (Time points: fasting (0) and 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240 and 360 minutes)

GLP-1 in blood

Analysis of GLP-1 (pg/ml) in blood

Time frame: Postprandial period of 6 hours (Time points: fasting (0) and 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 180 and 360 minutes)

Hunger/satiety and acceptance of the meals

Assessment of subjective hunger/satiety and acceptance of the meals by validated visual analogue scale questionnaires (paper-pencil)

Time frame: Postprandial period of 6 hours (Time points: fasting (0) and 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240, 300 and 360 minutes)

Effects of Plant-based Meat Alternatives in Comparison to Chicken Meat on Postprandial Metabolism in Healthy Adults

Overview

Conditions

Interventions

Eligibility

Locations (1)

Outcomes

Primary Outcomes

Secondary Outcomes