Effect of Dietary Fiber on Metabolic Syndrome, Gastrointestinal Function, Mood and Sleep Quality in Obese People

Body fat percentage

Body fat percentage was estimated by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA; GE Lunar Prodigy 8743, Madison, WI, USA). The same experienced technician performed the analysis of the scan.

Time frame: From enrollment to the end of treatment at 8 weeks

Fasting glucose

Fasting blood samples were obtained at morning after the participants had 12 h of overnight fasting. To obtain plasma or serum, the blood samples with 5 ml collected into blood sampling tubes with or without ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), respectively, were centrifuged at 3000 rpm at 4 °C for 15 min and then stored at -80 °C until analysis. The plasma blood samples were assessed using fully automated analyz-er (AU5800, Beckman Coulter®, America). A set of standard samples will be collected and analysed on the same day, including fasting glucose(mmol/L).

Time frame: From enrollment to the end of treatment at 8 weeks

Mood disturbance(Questionnaires)

The Profile of Mood States, Revised (POMS-R) is an updated version of the original Profile of Mood States (POMS) questionnaire. It is a self-report tool used to assess a person\'s mood by measuring different dimensions of affective states, include: 1. Tension 2. Depression 3. Anger 4. Fatigue 5. Confusion 6. Vigor Total Mood Disturbance (TMD) score=(Sum of negative mood scores)-Vigor score. Higher scores in the negative mood dimensions (T, D, A, F, C) indicate greater mood disturbances, while a higher score in Vigor-Activity reflects a more positive mood. The TMD score reflects overall mood disturbance, with higher TMD indicating more severe mood issues. This scoring system helps provide a snapshot of a person\'s emotional state across various mood domains.

Time frame: From enrollment to the end of treatment at 8 weeks

Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index(Questionnaires)

The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) is a self-report questionnaire used to assess sleep quality over a 1-month period. It includes 19 items grouped into seven components: 1. Subjective sleep quality - An individual\'s perception of their sleep quality. 2. Sleep latency - The amount of time it takes to fall asleep. 3. Sleep duration - The total amount of sleep per night. 4. Habitual sleep efficiency - The ratio of total sleep time to time spent in bed. 5. Sleep disturbances - The frequency of waking up due to various factors (e.g., needing to use the bathroom, feeling too hot/cold, or being disturbed by noise). 6. Use of sleep medication - The frequency and use of medication to help sleep. 7. Daytime dysfunction - Difficulties staying awake during the day or performing daily activities due to poor sleep. Each component is scored from 0 to 3, with a total score range of 0 to 21. A score above 5 indicates poor sleep quality.

Time frame: From enrollment to the end of treatment at 8 weeks

Biochemical Markers

Fasting blood samples were obtained at morning after the participants had 12 h of overnight fasting. To obtain plasma or serum, the blood samples with 5 ml collected into blood sampling tubes with or without ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), respectively, were centrifuged at 3000 rpm at 4 °C for 15 min and then stored at -80 °C until analysis. The plasma blood samples were assessed using fully automated analyz-er (AU5800, Beckman Coulter®, America). A set of standard samples will be collected and analysed on the same day, including fasting glucose, high sensitivity C-reactive protein (HsCRP), fasting insulin, total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL-C), high density lipoprotein (HDL-C) and triglyceride (TG). Insulin was measured by us-ing electrochemiluminescence immunoassay (ECLIA) (Cobas e801, Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim, Germany); glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) was measured by using an ion exchange resin composed of hydrophilic polymer of methacrylate ester copolymer (H

Time frame: From enrollment to the end of treatment at 8 weeks

High sensitivity C-reactive protein

Fasting blood samples were obtained at morning after the participants had 12 h of overnight fasting. To obtain plasma or serum, the blood samples with 5 ml collected into blood sampling tubes with or without ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), respectively, were centrifuged at 3000 rpm at 4 °C for 15 min and then stored at -80 °C until analysis. The plasma blood samples were assessed using fully automated analyz-er (AU5800, Beckman Coulter®, America). A set of standard samples will be collected and analysed on the same day, including high sensitivity C-reactive protein (HsCRP)(mg/L).

Time frame: From enrollment to the end of treatment at 8 weeks

Total cholesterol

Fasting blood samples were obtained at morning after the participants had 12 h of overnight fasting. To obtain plasma or serum, the blood samples with 5 ml collected into blood sampling tubes with or without ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), respectively, were centrifuged at 3000 rpm at 4 °C for 15 min and then stored at -80 °C until analysis. The plasma blood samples were assessed using fully automated analyz-er (AU5800, Beckman Coulter®, America). A set of standard samples will be collected and analysed on the same day, including total cholesterol(mmol/L).

Time frame: From enrollment to the end of treatment at 8 weeks

Triglyceride

Fasting blood samples were obtained at morning after the participants had 12 h of overnight fasting. To obtain plasma or serum, the blood samples with 5 ml collected into blood sampling tubes with or without ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), respectively, were centrifuged at 3000 rpm at 4 °C for 15 min and then stored at -80 °C until analysis. The plasma blood samples were assessed using fully automated analyz-er (AU5800, Beckman Coulter®, America). A set of standard samples will be collected and analysed on the same day, including triglyceride (TG)(mmol/L).

Time frame: From enrollment to the end of treatment at 8 weeks