Root Resorption and Alveolar Bone in the Maxillary Canine Retraction Using Injectable Platelet-rich Fibrin: A Split-Mouth Trial

Overview

Prolonged orthodontic treatment is a risk factor for root resorption, so accelerating the speed of tooth movement using different methods can limit tooth root resorption. There are multiple factors causing root resorption, such as orthodontic force level, treatment duration, and methods of quantification of root resorption. PRF, a completely autologous fibrin matrix, was developed as a second-generation platelet concentrate without adding anticoagulants and additives. The injectable platelet-rich fibrin is the liquid form of the substance obtained through low-speed centrifugation. It has many advantages over the conventional form, such as higher rates of regenerative cells and growth factors. In the present study, Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) was used as a measurement tool for root resorption. CBCT is a helpful tool for evaluating changes in the root length of teeth and surrounding bone tissue.

Orthodontic treatment encompasses not only the correction of malocclusion and enhancement of dental arch aesthetics but also the preservation or restoration of optimal function and periodontal tissue health. Orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) is stimulated by remodeling the periodontal ligament (PDL) and alveolar bone. Bone remodeling is a process of both bone resorption on the pressure side and bone formation on the tension site. Prolonged orthodontic treatment is a risk factor for root resorption, so accelerating the speed of tooth movement using different methods can limit tooth root resorption. Root resorption is an undesirable effect that occurs during orthodontic treatment. It is defined as a reduction of root length or cringe. Because root resorption is a multifactorial issue, it is essential to know and focus on the controlling factors that cause root resorption. Therefore, attempts to accelerate tooth movement and reduce treatment duration are significant to orthodontists and patients. Adequate alveolar bone volume and root length are prerequisite conditions for successful orthodontic tooth movement and post-treatment stability orthodontic tooth movement causes the inflammatory process in the periodontium to occur. Platelet-based preparations from the patient's blood provide a safe alternative to commercially available bioactive materials. PRF, a completely autologous fibrin matrix, was developed as a second-generation platelet concentrate without adding anticoagulants and additives. The injectable platelet-rich fibrin (i-PRF) is the liquid form of the substance that is obtained through low-speed centrifugation (700rpm in 3 minutes) and has many advantages over the conventional form, such as higher rates of regenerative cells and growth factors such as prostaglandins, interleukins, the tumor necrosis factor-a superfamily, and receptor activator of nuclear factor (RANK)/RANK ligand (RANKL)/osteoprotegerin (OPG) are increased in the PDL during orthodontic tooth movement . The presence of these inflammatory mediators in the PDL during orthodontic tooth movement indicates their role in the occurrence of orthodontically induced tooth root resorption. Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) imaging allows for a three-dimensional evaluation of teeth and their adjacent anatomical structures, resulting in a detailed visualization of the tooth and its neighboring structures. Subsequently, the area of the tooth resorption can be detected easily. CBCT imaging allows radiation to be focused on the area of anatomical interest while encompassing all hard and soft tissues in three dimensions, providing more significant information with a potential decrease in cumulative radiation exposure for patients. Little is known about the effects of the placement of these biomaterials on the root length of the moved tooth and on the surrounding supporting bone tissue during orthodontic movement. This study aimed to evaluate and compare these effects after distalization of maxillary canines in alveolar preserved with i-PRF and control alveolar in adult patients using Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT).