The goal of this observational study is to learn about the long-term effects of maternal multiple micronutrient supplementation from preconception through to lactation on child neurodevelopment and growth in a resource-limited setting where there is a high burden of malnutrition. The main questions it aims to answer are: * Does maternal multiple micronutrient supplementation from preconception through to lactation compared to the standard of care have an effect on child neurodevelopment? * Does maternal multiple micronutrient supplementation from preconception through to lactation compared to the standard of care have an effect on child growth? This is a cross-sectional follow up study to a substudy of breastmilk composition and infant growth within the Matiari emPowerment and Preconception Supplementation (MaPPS) Trial, wherein mothers were randomized to receive a multiple micronutrient supplement from preconception through to lactation or the standard of care (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04451395).
Study Type
OBSERVATIONAL
Enrollment
150
Aga Khan University
Matiari, Pakistan
Full scale IQ score
Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI), minimum score: 40 and maximum score: 160 (higher scores mean a better outcome)
Time frame: At 4 years of age
Fine and gross motor skills score
Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency, 2nd edition (BOT-2) Brief Form, minimum score: 0 and maximum score: 80 (higher scores mean a better outcome)
Time frame: At 4 years of age
Height
Time frame: At 4 years of age
Head circumference
Time frame: At 4 years of age
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