Chronic postoperative pain (CPP) is typically defined as pain persisting for 3 months or more after surgery\[1\]. CPP is a common and increasingly prevalent morbidity, leading to long-term psychological issues, reduced quality of life, and impaired functionality\[2\]. To reduce the incidence of CPP, high-risk patients are identified, and various surgical techniques, pharmacological agents, and regional anesthesia techniques are employed\[3\]. The primary aim of our study is to scale chronic pain at 1 hour, 3 months, and 1 year post-nephrectomy using the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS), ranging from 0 to 10. The secondary aim is to evaluate the effects of factors influencing chronic postoperative pain on the NRS scores.
Patients gender, age, height(m), weight(kg), body mass index(kg/m2), diagnosis, smoking and alcohol history, comorbidities, surgical technique and duration, complications, lymph node dissection, thrombectomy, adrenalectomy, amount of bleeding(cc), need for blood transfusion, need for intensive care, analgesia technique used, amount of opioids and non-opioid analgesics used perioperatively, amount of vasopressors used, heart rate(bpm) and mean arterial pressure(mmHg) at induction, post-intubation, post-extubation, and 1 hour postoperatively, presence of postoperative pain, chronic analgesic use history(more than 3 uses per week), presence of fibromyalgia, frequent urinary tract infections, diagnosed with central sensitization disorders, bruxism, depression-panic attacks, allergic asthma, irritable bowel syndrome, and migraines will be recorded. The effects of these factors on NRS scores at 1 hour, 3 months, and 1 year postoperatively will be examined.
Study Type
OBSERVATIONAL
Enrollment
204
The patients are asked to rate their pain according to the Numeric Rating Scale (0=no pain; 10=worse possible pain).
Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa
Istanbul, Turkey (Türkiye)
NRS 1 hour
The patients are asked to rate their pain according to the Numeric Rating Scale (0=no pain; 10=worse possible pain). Patients with NRS equal or higher than 4 are defined as painfull; and, patients with NRS lower than 4 are defined as pain-free
Time frame: 1 hour after the end of the surgery
NRS 3 months
The patients are asked to rate their pain according to the Numeric Rating Scale (0=no pain; 10=worse possible pain). Patients with NRS equal or higher than 4 are defined as painfull; and, patients with NRS lower than 4 are defined as pain-free
Time frame: 3 months after the surgery
NRS 1 year
The patients are asked to rate their pain according to the Numeric Rating Scale (0=no pain; 10=worse possible pain). Patients with NRS equal or higher than 4 are defined as painfull; and, patients with NRS lower than 4 are defined as pain-free
Time frame: 1 year after the surgery
age
Age of the patiens as years
Time frame: At the time of preoperative assesment
height
Height of the patiens as meter
Time frame: At the time of preoperative assesment
BMI
body mass index of the patiens as kg/m2
Time frame: At the time of preoperative assesment
smoking
Data of the patient if they are smoking or not
Time frame: At the time of preoperative assesment
Amount of opioid and non-opioid analgesics used perioperatively
Amount of opioid and non-opioid analgesics used perioperatively
Time frame: At the time of perioperative assesment
Gender
Woman or man
Time frame: At the time of preoperative assesment
Comorbidities
hipertension, diabetus mellitus, asthma or cardiac disease etc.
Time frame: At the time of preoperative assesment
surgical technique
radical or partial nephrectomy and open or laparoscopic nephrectomy
Time frame: At the time of perioperative assesment
surgical duration
How long does the surgery take in minutes?
Time frame: The time recorded at the end of the surgery will be reported
additional procedures next to the nephrectomy
lymph node dissection, thrombectomy, adrenalectomy procedures used
Time frame: At the time of perioperative assesment
need for blood transfusion
How many blood product tranfusions were required?
Time frame: At the time of perioperative assesment
need for intensive care units
Whether there is a need for intensive care after surgery
Time frame: At the time of postoperative assesment, the data evaluated at the end of the surgery will be reported
Analgesia technique
Epidural analgesia or intravenous analgesia was used as analgesic technique
Time frame: At the time of perioperative assesment
Amount of vasopressors used
Amount of vasopressors used at the perioperative period
Time frame: At the time of perioperative assesment
Value of postoperative acute pain score on NRS score
Value of postoperative acute pain score on NRS score(0:no pain, 10:the worst pain imaginable)
Time frame: 1 hour postoperative period
Chronic analgesic use history
More than 3 uses per a week
Time frame: 1 year before the operation
Clinical conditions that will be reported under the title of central sensitization disorder
Presence of fibromyalgia, frequent urinary tract infection, bruxism, diagnosed with depression-panic attack, allergic asthma, irritable bowel syndrome and migraines will be recorded.
Time frame: At the time of preoperative assesment
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