The PODIUM Study - a Three-arm Comparison of Target Therapies After Anti-TNFα in Ulcerative Colitis

Inclusion Criteria: * Established diagnosis of UC according to the current European Crohn's and Colitis Organization (ECCO) guidelines7; * Age ≥ 18 years-old; * Capability of expressing informed consent; * Clinically active ulcerative colitis (cf. 'operative clinical measures', below) at baseline; * Initiation of vedolizumab, ustekinumab or JAK inhibitors (tofacitinib, upadacitinib or filgotinib) as second-line target therapy at baseline; * Previous treatment with at least one anti-TNFα drug licenced for the treatment of UC (i.e., infliximab, adalimumab and/or golimumab); * No exposure to vedolizumab, ustekinumab and JAK inhibitors before baseline; * At least 1 follow-up visit after baseline Exclusion Criteria: * Diagnosis of Crohn's colitis, IBD-U or other gastrointestinal inflammatory conditions; * Age \< 18 years-old; * Incapability of expressing informed consent; * Acute severe UC requiring hospitalization at baseline; * No previous exposure to anti-TNFα therapies; * Previous treatment with target therapies other than anti-TNF-α for UC before baseline; * Ustekinumab or JAK inhibitors induction with a non-standard posology for UC.