To examine the effects of twice daily whey protein consumption on blood glucose and insulin in pre-diabetic and diabetic individuals
Protein consumption in the morning has been shown to reduce appetite and caloric intake (19). In addition, premeal whey consumption reduces post prandial blood glucose, reduces gastric emptying rate, and increases peak blood insulin (10). Thus, it is proposed that ingestion of whey protein within 1hr of waking (and prior to breakfast) and 30 minutes prior to dinner will be more effective in suppressing appetite, carbohydrate intake, and glucose AUC. Ingestion upon waking will mitigate the cortisol-induced drive for carbohydrate intake. Ingestion prior to dinner, the most frequently consumed and largest meal in America (20), will reduce food intake, post meal blood glucose, and insulin area under the curve (21). Specific Aims 1. Determine the effect of WP ingestion within 1hr of waking and prior to breakfast, and 30min prior to dinner, on appetite suppression, carbohydrate and caloric intake, and 24hr glucose AUC over 7d in pre-diabetic (A1C 5.7%-6.4%) and diabetic (A1C 6.5%-7.5%) individuals. 2. Determine the effect of WP ingestion within 1hr of waking and 30min prior to dinner on changes in OGTT, Matsuda index, and whole-body protein balance (compared to control) before and after 7d of WP consumption in pre-diabetic and diabetic individuals. 3. Determine outcome differences between pre-diabetic and diabetic individuals.
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Purpose
SUPPORTIVE_CARE
Masking
TRIPLE
Enrollment
40
This crossover intervention includes 1 week of whey protein isolate supplementation and 1 week of placebo supplementation.
1 week of Non-whey protein Placebo supplement
University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences
Little Rock, Arkansas, United States
RECRUITINGWhole body protein turnover
Whole body protein turnover reflects the continual synthesis and breakdown of body proteins. It can be measured at a whole-body or tissue level using stable isotope methods.
Time frame: 7 days
Oral Glucose Tolerance Test
Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) is used to screen for or diagnose diabetes. Normal blood values for a 75 gram OGTT are: Fasting -- 60 to 99 mg/dL (3.3 to 5.5 mmol/L), 1 hour -- Less than 200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L), 2 hours -- Less than 140 mg/dL (7.8 mmol/L) is normal.
Time frame: 7 days
Blood glucose
Continuous glucose monitoring means using a device to automatically estimate your blood glucose level, also called blood sugar, throughout the day and night for 7 days.
Time frame: 7 days
Composite Appetite Scale
A composite appetite scale is a measure used to assess appetite control and influence energy intake. It can be calculated based on factors such as hunger, desire to eat, and fullness rating. Appetite Scale: How Hungry do you feel? Not Hungry at all \<---\> Have never been more Hungry How Satisfied do you feel? Completely empty \<----\> Can't eat another bite How Full do you feel? Not full at all \<----\> Totally full The more a person is satisfied and feels full and less hungry, the better the outcome is for whey vs placebo supplementation.
Time frame: 7 days
Dietary Intake Log
A dietary intake log, also known as a food diary, is a self-reported account of all foods and beverages consumed within a specific timeframe.
Time frame: 7 days
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