This study explored preventive measures for sarcopenia in apparently healthy postmenopausal women. The investigators implemented a short Nordic walking intervention, Bungy Pumo exercises and strength training, and conducted a 3-month training program as an intervention method. The subjects divided into the NW (Nordic walking) test group, the ST (Strength Training) test group, BP (Bungy Pump exercises) test group and the control group, which engaged in regular daily activities without any additional physical exercise. The collected experimental data then processed and analyzed to objectively assess the benefits and limitations of different interventions.
The tests were conducted twice (before and after the training period). Each test lasted two days and will be preceded by a 7-day measurement of physical activity using sport testers. On the first day, blood tests, microbiota, body composition and a preliminary analysis of diet diaries were performed. On the second day, physical fitness tests were carried out in the Physical Exercise Laboratory of the AWFiS in Gdańsk. Biological material (blood serum and feces) was frozen for testing by the project contractors in the Laboratory of Genetics in Sports of the AWFiS. The subjects were required to keep a diet diary in which they recorded meals during the 3 days preceding the blood and intestinal microbiota test.
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
NON_RANDOMIZED
Purpose
PREVENTION
Masking
SINGLE
Enrollment
70
NW training sessions are conducted by a certified NW instructor leading participants in the outdoor forest of Gdansk. Training is about 60 minutes each time, 3 times a week, each interval of 1 or 2 days, a total of 12 weeks. Participants used professional Nordic Pole.
Strength training was conducted in the gym with progressively increasing resistance from 65% to 75% of the maximum weight (one-repetition maximum (1-RM)). Participants performed 10-13 repetitions of the exercise in one serie. The training was carried out in station form and consisted of 10-13 exercises. There were rest intervals of 60-90 seconds between exercises. As intended, the training was comprehensive, i.e. it affected the muscles of the arms, legs, torso, abdomen and chest.
Buny Pump training sessions are conducted by a certified BP instructor leading participants in the outdoor forest of Gdansk. Training is about 60 minutes each time, 3 times a week, , a total of 12 weeks. Participants used professional Bungy Pump Pole.
Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport
Gdansk, Poland
Skeletal muscle index
SMI in InBody is calculated as follows: SMI= sum of segmental muscle mass (two arms and two legs) ÷ height 2
Time frame: From enrollment to the end of treatment at 2 weeks
Gait Speed
In order to harmonize the pace measurement method, the 2019 Asian Sarcopenia Working Group recommends the time it takes to walk 6 meters at a normal pace from moving as a measure of average pace. The test is carried out in an inspection room that is more than 8 meters long. Crutches that participants normally use can also be used. The start and end of the 6-meter distance are clearly marked. Subjects stand with their toes touching the starting line, and after being instructed to move forward at their usual speed, subjects start walking, inspectors start timing, and when subjects fully cross the 6-meter mark with one foot, inspectors stop timing. The test is performed twice, recording the shortest time (in seconds) required to complete each distance. The smaller the value, the faster the walking speed, the better the physical ability.
Time frame: From enrollment to the end of treatment at 2 weeks
Hand Strength
HS was measured to estimate muscle strength and was performed with a hand dynamometer (SAEHAN Digital Hand Dynamometer, SAEHAN, Changwon, Korea). During the HS test, participants had to hold the dynamometer in their hand with the arm stretched parallel to the body while being instructed to stand upright. This measure was performed three times on the dominant hand with a rest interval of 1 min between measurements; finally, the best performance was used as the maximum peak (PK) of HS (in kg). The statistical analysis also included mean peak (mean PK).The higher the grip strength value, the greater the muscle strength, the better the physical ability.
Time frame: From enrollment to the end of treatment at 2 weeks
Skeletal Muscle Mass
Using the Octupole Bioimpedance InBody 720 analyzer (Biospace, Seoul, Korea), participants wore light clothing and no shoes.The higher the number, the more muscle the human body has.The ideal skeletal muscle content for men is 47% of standard body weight and 42% of standard body weight for women. A 10% move up or down is considered normal.
Time frame: From enrollment to the end of treatment at 2 weeks
Right Arm Lean Mass
Using the Octupole Bioimpedance InBody 720 analyzer (Biospace, Seoul, Korea), participants wore light clothing and no shoes. The higher number indicates more muscle in the right arm.
Time frame: From enrollment to the end of treatment at 2 weeks
Left Arm Lean Mass
Using the Octupole Bioimpedance InBody 720 analyzer (Biospace, Seoul, Korea), participants wore light clothing and no shoes. The higher number indicates more muscle in the left arm.
Time frame: From enrollment to the end of treatment at 2 weeks
Trunk Lean Mass
Using the Octupole Bioimpedance InBody 720 analyzer (Biospace, Seoul, Korea), participants wore light clothing and no shoes. The higher number indicates more muscle in the trunk.
Time frame: From enrollment to the end of treatment at 2 weeks
Right Leg Lean Mass
Using the Octupole Bioimpedance InBody 720 analyzer (Biospace, Seoul, Korea), participants wore light clothing and no shoes. The higher number indicates more muscle in the right leg.
Time frame: From enrollment to the end of treatment at 2 weeks
Left Leg Lean Mass
Using the Octupole Bioimpedance InBody 720 analyzer (Biospace, Seoul, Korea), participants wore light clothing and no shoes. The higher number indicates more muscle in the left leg.
Time frame: From enrollment to the end of treatment at 2 weeks
Skeletal Lean Mass
Using the Octupole Bioimpedance InBody 720 analyzer (Biospace, Seoul, Korea), participants wore light clothing and no shoes. The calculation method of SLM is different from that of SMM. The SLM in InBody report paper is the sum of protein, body water, and extracosseous inorganic salts. The ideal SLM for men is 80% of standard body weight and 72% of standard body weight for women. A 10% move up or down is considered normal.
Time frame: From enrollment to the end of treatment at 2 weeks
This platform is for informational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice. Always consult a qualified healthcare professional.
PEAK AWY
Peak knee extension muscle strength.Using Biodex System 4 Pro™ dynamometers (Biodex Medical Systems, Inc.) Data collection using Compaq Desk Pro personal computers and Biodex software, using the Biodex standard protocol. After a standardized warm-up, the subject is positioned in the equipment as required by the manufacturer's manual (sitting position, arms hanging down along the body, hands holding the outside handle, torso, buttocks and subject thighs secured by straps, knee flexion to 90°). The test uses the scheme reported by Symons et al., with some modifications. The isometric muscle strength test was performed using three maximum contractions, each lasting 5 seconds with an interval of 30 seconds. Adjust the seat position according to the length of each subject's legs. Data were analyzed using the results of the dominant lower limbs. The greater the value of this index, the stronger the isometric contraction force of the knee extensor muscle.
Time frame: From enrollment to the end of treatment at 2 weeks
PEAK TWD
Peak knee flexor strength. Using Biodex System 4 Pro™ dynamometers (Biodex Medical Systems, Inc.) Data collection using Compaq Desk Pro personal computers and Biodex software, using the Biodex standard protocol. After a standardized warm-up, the subject is positioned in the equipment as required by the manufacturer's manual (sitting position, arms hanging down along the body, hands holding the outside handle, torso, buttocks and subject thighs secured by straps, knee flexion to 90°). The test uses the scheme reported by Symons et al., with some modifications. The isometric muscle strength test was performed using three maximum contractions, each lasting 5 seconds with an interval of 30 seconds. Adjust the seat position according to the length of each subject's legs. Data were analyzed using the results of the dominant lower limbs. The higher the value of this index, the stronger the isometric contraction force of knee flexor muscle.
Time frame: From enrollment to the end of treatment at 2 weeks
Arm Circumference
A tape measure was used to directly measure the circumference of the left and right upper arms of the participants. The larger the value of the index, the larger the arm circumference, but it can only be used as a reference indicator and cannot specifically evaluate the physical function
Time frame: From enrollment to the end of treatment at 2 weeks
ChairStand
The participants stood up as fast as they could on a chair of suitable height for 30 seconds. The greater the value of this test, the more times it is proved to be completed, and the lower limb muscle strength can be indirectly evaluated.
Time frame: From enrollment to the end of treatment at 2 weeks
ArmCurl
Participants were asked to sit in a chair holding a 2KG weight with one arm and complete the maximum number of arm curls within 30 seconds. The greater the number of bends, the better the upper body strength may prove.
Time frame: From enrollment to the end of treatment at 2 weeks
TUG
Time up and go.The TUG test measures the time(s) required for a subject to rise from a chair, walk 3 m, turn around, walk back to the chair, and sit down. It has been shown to be a predictor of sarcopenia in hospitalized patients with a mean age of 70.4±7.7 years.The smaller the value, the shorter the completion time, and the better the physical function.
Time frame: From enrollment to the end of treatment at 2 weeks
TandemBalance
Participants used the "toe" stick to the "heel" in a straight line walking way, with the fastest speed to complete 2 meters. The smaller the value, the faster the walking speed, which may represent better balance ability.
Time frame: From enrollment to the end of treatment at 2 weeks
Muscle Strength Indices
The index includes 2 upper limb muscle strength indexes and 2 lower limb muscle strength indexes, and the formula is as follows: 1. HS/BM 2. HS/BMI 3. Knee extensor strength /BM 4. Knee flexor strength /BM A higher value for this indicator may mean greater muscle strength.
Time frame: From enrollment to the end of treatment at 2 weeks
Myostatin
Myostatin is a protein whose units are the same as those of other proteins, usually expressed in moles (mol/L). The MAGPIX platform enables multiplex tests, which allow for multi-parameter detection of several to several dozen analytes in a single sample of small volume (\~40ul). The MAGPIX (xMAP®) system is based on the principles of the ELISA test and uses the technology of paramagnetic microspheres coated with antibodies. One panel allows for simultaneous determination of several to several dozen markers in each sample. ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) is an immunoenzymatic test used to detect and quantify proteins contained in the tested sample, such as antibodies or protein antigens. The ELISA technique is widely used in biomedical research, both scientific and diagnostic. It is a fast, accurate and easy to perform method. Consumables: nitrile gloves, pipette tips 10-200ul, pipette tips 100-1000ul, eppendorff tubes, other (falcon tubes, lignin, etc.).
Time frame: From enrollment to the end of treatment at 3 months
Irisin
The unit of irisin is molecular weight and its value is 298.25. The MAGPIX platform enables multiplex tests, which allow for multi-parameter detection of several to several dozen analytes in a single sample of small volume (\~40ul). The MAGPIX (xMAP®) system is based on the principles of the ELISA test and uses the technology of paramagnetic microspheres coated with antibodies. One panel allows for simultaneous determination of several to several dozen markers in each sample. ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) is an immunoenzymatic test used to detect and quantify proteins contained in the tested sample, such as antibodies or protein antigens. The ELISA technique is widely used in biomedical research, both scientific and diagnostic. It is a fast, accurate and easy to perform method. Consumables: nitrile gloves, pipette tips 10-200ul, pipette tips 100-1000ul, eppendorff tubes, other (falcon tubes, lignin, etc.).
Time frame: From enrollment to the end of treatment at 3 months.
BDNF
BDNF (brain-derived neurotrophic factor) assay unit is mainly pg/mL. The MAGPIX platform enables multiplex tests, which allow for multi-parameter detection of several to several dozen analytes in a single sample of small volume (\~40ul). The MAGPIX (xMAP®) system is based on the principles of the ELISA test and uses the technology of paramagnetic microspheres coated with antibodies. One panel allows for simultaneous determination of several to several dozen markers in each sample. ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) is an immunoenzymatic test used to detect and quantify proteins contained in the tested sample, such as antibodies or protein antigens. The ELISA technique is widely used in biomedical research, both scientific and diagnostic. It is a fast, accurate and easy to perform method. Consumables: nitrile gloves, pipette tips 10-200ul, pipette tips 100-1000ul, eppendorff tubes, other (falcon tubes, lignin, etc.).
Time frame: From enrollment to the end of treatment at 3 months.