tFUS for Memory in mNCD and Healthy Adults

Inclusion Criteria for Healthy Older Adults * Age 50-85 * English as a first/primary language * Capacity to consent * No Diagnosis of mNCD or dementia Exclusion Criteria for Healthy Older Adults * Current substance use disorder, bipolar disorder, or schizophrenia spectrum or other psychotic diagnosis * Daily/weekly anticholinergic or sedative use. Stimulants may be used pending investigator review. Cholinesterase inhibitors, NMDA receptor antagonists, and antidepressants are allowed if on a stable regimen for 4 weeks prior to enrollment * History of significant or unstable conditions that may impact cognition, such as significant cardiac, cerebrovascular, or metabolic disease, developmental disorder, or other neurologic disease (e.g., moderate to severe TBI, seizures) * MRI or tFUS contraindications (e.g., metal implants, claustrophobia, conditions or treatments that lower seizure threshold, taking medications that have short half-lives) * Enrolled in a clinical trial or has received an investigational medication or device in the last 30 days Inclusion Criteria for mNCD * Age 50-85 * English as a first/primary language * Diagnosed with mNCD by a healthcare provider within the past 2 years per NIA-AA or DSM-5 criteria * Has ≥ 2 impaired scores within one cognitive domain OR ≥ 1 impaired score in ≥ 3 domains, where impaired score is defined as ≤ 16th percentile using demographically-corrected norms * Must have a co-participant (e.g., spouse, adult child, relative, sibling, cohabitor, friend, or caregiver) with at least weekly in-person contact with the participant Exclusion Criteria for mNCD * Prior diagnosis of dementia or major neurocognitive disorder per NIA-AA or DSM-5 criteria, and telephone interview for cognitive status (TICS) score ≤ 22 * Current substance use disorder, bipolar disorder, or schizophrenia spectrum or other psychotic diagnosis * Daily/weekly anticholinergic or sedative use. Stimulants may be used pending investigator review. Cholinesterase inhibitors, NMDA receptor antagonists, and antidepressants are allowed if on a stable regimen for 4 weeks prior to enrollment * History of significant or unstable conditions that may impact cognition, such as significant cardiac, cerebrovascular, or metabolic disease, developmental disorder, or other neurologic disease (e.g., moderate to severe TBI, seizures) * MRI or tFUS contraindications (e.g., metal implants, claustrophobia, conditions or treatments than lower seizure threshold, taking medications that have short half-lives) * Enrolled in a clinical trial or has received an investigational medication or device in the last 30 days