To test the effect of limb occlusion pressure attainment in the supine, seated, and standing position on exercise performance, vascular physiology, and muscle.
The purpose of this study is to investigate the attainment of limb occlusion pressure (LOP)in the supine, seated, and standing positions on indices of arterial stiffness, muscle morphology, participant perception, and performance responses. Thirty adults aged 18-40 will undergo four treatment sessions (control (no BFR), supine LOP, seated LOP, and standing LOP) in a randomized order separated by one week. A familiarization session will also occur one week before starting the treatment period. Each subject will undergo a series of tests including anthropometry, ultrasonography of the carotid artery, applanation tonometry, ultrasonography of the vastus lateralis, blood pressure acquisition, body composition, and maximal strength assessments (1RM). All sessions will consist of four sets of dumbbell wall squats performed to failure with a 2-seconds concentric and 2-seconds eccentric cadence, at 20% of their 1RM using 60% of the LOP with 1-minute rest intervals. In the supine LOP session, the BFR cuffs will be pressurized to 60% of the supine LOP. In the seated LOP session, the BFR cuffs will be pressurized to 60% of the seated LOP. And, in the standing LOP session, the BFR cuffs will be pressurized to 60% of the standing LOP. Assessments will be performed immediately before and after the exercise bout during each treatment session. Two-way ANOVAs will be used to examine the main effects of treatment and treatment-order interaction on pulse wave velocity, muscle cross-sectional area, perceptual responses, and exercise performance.
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Purpose
BASIC_SCIENCE
Masking
NONE
Enrollment
27
Delfi (Vancouver, Canada) training devices will be used for exercise and testing sessions. Cuffs will be placed around the right and left proximal thigh. The LOP will be set at 60% immediately before exercise and will be applied during the entire exercise set (approximately 30-60 seconds in duration) following manufacturer specifications. In the supine LOP session, the BFR cuffs will be pressurized to 60% of the supine LOP. In the seated LOP session, the BFR cuffs will be pressurized to 60% of the seated LOP. And, in the standing LOP session, the BFR cuffs will be pressurized to 60% of the standing LOP. The cuffs will maintain pressure during training and rest periods. The LOP will be reduced to 0% immediately after completing the last set.
Salisbury University
Salisbury, Maryland, United States
Arterial Stiffness
Non-invasive pulse tonometers (Complior Analytic Tonometer, Alam Medical, Vincennes, France) will be used to simultaneously obtain arterial pressure waveforms at the carotid, brachial, radial and femoral arteries throughout ten cardiac cycles. Surface distance between the two recording sites will be measured to the nearest 0.5 cm. Subsequently, this process is repeated to measure arterial pressure waveforms at the carotid and radial arteries. Pulse wave velocity for the carotid-femoral (aortic PWV) and carotid-radial (brachial PWV) recordings will be determined by normalizing the waveform foot-to-foot time delay to the distance between recording sites (i.e., PWV = D (cm)/Δt (sec)). The participant will remain supine exactly as they were positioned during the tonometry acquisition sequence. An enlarged caliper will be used to measure the distance between the carotid and radial tonometer, and the distance between the carotid and femoral tonometer.
Time frame: From enrollment to the end of treatment at 4 weeks
Muscle Morphology
Participants' muscle cross-sectional area (mCSA) and echo intensity (EI) of the vastus lateralis (VL) muscle will be assessed using a brightness mode (B-mode) of the ultrasound imaging system (Terason t3300, MA, USA) and a multi-frequency linear-array probe (Model 15L4 Smart Mark 4-15 MHz, 50-mm field of view). All ultrasonic scans will be conducted on the participants' right arm to measure the mCSA and EI of the VL. Each participant will be instructed to lay in a supine position with their shoulder abducted at 90 degree and elbow flexed at 90 degrees. The VL measurements will be obtained from their right leg at 50% of the distance between the greater tubercle and lateral epicondyle. Locations of measurements will be marked with indelible ink to ensure scans will be taken at the same area for all scans. During every scan, water soluble gel will be applied on the skin and ultrasound probe to maximize acoustic coupling and reduce near-field artifacts.
Time frame: From enrollment to the end of treatment at 4 weeks
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