Effectiveness of Hydroxyapatite Reinforced Chitosan Hydrogel in Modulation of Osseointegration

Overview

Dental implant treatments have now become indispensable in clinical dental practice. The survival rate exceeds 90%; Modern oral implantology uses different devices, in terms of size, shape, length, thickness and composition, from pure titanium to titanium-aluminum-vanadium alloys, due to their biocompatibility and high corrosion resistance

Immediate implants placed in freshly extracted sockets are an alternative treatment for traditional dental implants reduces physiological resorption of alveolar ridge, provides fast and simple procedures , decreasing the number of dental appointments, shortening length of treatment time, lesser surgical intervention, and ideal axial orientation of the implant. However, the biological response of tissues can be improved by different surface treatments that provide both bioactivity and osseointegration capacity. Many materials have been advocated for boosting up the bone regeneration. Current trends are directed not only towards achieving optimal osseointegrative surfaces, but also towards antibacterial activity for prolonged periods of time, either by blocking microbial adhesion and preventing late infections. Given their biocompatibility and biodegradability, natural polymers are widely used materials for bone grafting. Among them, chitosan, collagen, silk fibroin, gelatin, cellulose, alginate. Chitosan is an excellent candidate for bone reconstruction as it has antimicrobial properties, can generate porous structures suitable for cell growth and osteoconduction, and promotes osteoblast cell proliferation. Furthermore, its structure is similar to glycosaminoglycans, a component of the bone extracellular matrix. Chitosan has been formulated in different systems for bone tissue engineering, including scaffolds, sponges, hydrogels, micro-nanospheres, and membranes, among others ; capable of accelerating the formation of new bone integrated into the host bone without causing adverse reactions . A large number of studies on chitosan-based gel scaffolds for bone regeneration can be found in the literature. It is usual to develop systems that combine chitosan with other compounds as hydroxyapatite to improve properties such as osteoconductivity and mechanical properties and thus obtain materials that mimic natural bone as much as possible. Hydrogels have also been studied for surgical applications. These systems consist of a liquid phase, which generally comprises 90% of the formulation, trapped in a solid phase that gives the gel its structure . This water content makes these systems highly biocompatible, and their soft consistency prevents damage to surrounding tissues. Chitosan hydrogels show similar mechanical properties to connective tissues, which favors tissue regeneration.

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