The purpose of this clinical trial is to understand the effect of different ventilation patterns during surgery on postoperative cognitive impairment in elderly patients with abdominal wall hernias. It will also explore how to reduce the incidence of postoperative cognitive impairment. The main questions it aims to answer are: * Does the mode of ventilation affect the incidence of postoperative cognitive impairment in elderly patients? * Does optic nerve sheath edema affect the incidence of postoperative cognitive impairment in elderly patients? Researchers will monitor patients with different ventilation patterns intraoperatively and investigate postoperatively to see if the ventilation pattern affects postoperative cognitive impairment. Participants will: * Randomly assigned to groups with different ventilation patterns * Record various values during surgery by the researchers * Presence of cognitive impairment assessed by cognitive scales after surgery
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
TRIPLE
Enrollment
471
Following induction, Group I patients received mechanical ventilation using the PC mode. The anesthetic machine (MAQUET Flow-I, Italy) parameters were set as follows: The inspiratory pressure (Pins) was adjusted to maintain an end-tidal carbon dioxide concentration (ETCO2) of 4.0-5.0 kPa. Pure oxygen and air were utilized at 0.3 L/min each, with an oxygen content of 41%. The positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) was set at 10 cmH2O, with an inspiration-to-expiration ratio of 1:2, a respiratory rate of 16 breaths per minute, and an oxygen content of 41%.
Following induction, Group II patients received mechanical ventilation using the VC mode. The anesthetic machine (MAQUET Flow-I, Italy) parameters were set as follows: The inspiratory pressure (Pins) was adjusted to maintain an end-tidal carbon dioxide concentration (ETCO2) of 4.0-5.0 kPa. Pure oxygen and air were utilized at 0.3 L/min each, with an oxygen content of 41%. The positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) was set at 10 cmH2O, with an inspiration-to-expiration ratio of 1:2, a respiratory rate of 16 breaths per minute, and an oxygen content of 41%.
Following induction, Group III patients received mechanical ventilation using the PRVC mode. The anesthetic machine (MAQUET Flow-I, Italy) parameters were set as follows: The inspiratory pressure (Pins) was adjusted to maintain an end-tidal carbon dioxide concentration (ETCO2) of 4.0-5.0 kPa. Pure oxygen and air were utilized at 0.3 L/min each, with an oxygen content of 41%. The positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) was set at 10 cmH2O, with an inspiration-to-expiration ratio of 1:2, a respiratory rate of 16 breaths per minute, and an oxygen content of 41%.
Inner Mongolia Baosteel Hospital
Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China
MMSE scale
Range Score \<21 Increased odds of dementia Score \>25 Decreased odds of dementia Education Score \< 21 Abnormal for 8" grade Score \<23 Abnormal for high school education Score \<24 Abnormal for college education Severity 24-30 No cognitive impairment 18-23 Mild cognitive impairment 0-17 Severe cognitive impairment
Time frame: From enrollment to two weeks after surgical treatment
optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD)
The ONSD was assessed using ocular ultrasonography to non-invasively capture ICP. Bedside ultrasound measurements of the ONSD were performed by an experienced and professionally qualified ultrasound physician. Patients were positioned supine with their eyes softly closed, and their eyes were protected with disposable transparent patches. A 7.5 MHz linear probe (Micromaxx Ultrasound System; SonoSite Inc., Bothell, WA, USA) was gently placed on the closed upper eyelid without applying pressure to the eyeball, and sufficient ultrasound gel was applied to ensure clear imaging. The optic nerve sheath was checked and measured 3 mm beyond the globe, and three ONSD measures were performed, with the average value utilized as the final ONSD measurement, which was accurate to 0.01 mm.
Time frame: From induction of anesthesia to the end of surgery
average airway pressure( PAWM)
Mean airway pressure affects the patient's alveolar oxygenation status and blood circulation. Mean airway pressure is most affected by positive end-expiratory pressure, followed by prolongation of inspiratory time, which can also increase mean airway pressure.
Time frame: From induction of anesthesia to the end of surgery
esophagealp ressure（PES)
Esophageal pressure monitoring is a minimally invasive and clinically available method for estimating transpulmonary pressure, of which absolute values and changes are considered one of the main determinants of lung injury due to mechanical forces applied during mechanical ventilation . PES was monitored using a floating catheter (Swan-Ganz, USA) placed into the esophagus and coupled to a monitor (M8003A, Germany).
Time frame: From induction of anesthesia to the end of surgery
PaCO2(mmHg)
Arterial reference value: 35-45 mmHg, exceeding or falling below the reference value is called hyper- or hypocapnia. Exceeding 55mmHg may inhibit the respiratory center. It is the main index to determine the acid-base poisoning of each type.
Time frame: From induction of anesthesia to the end of surgery
mean arterial pressure（MAP）
Above 60 mmHg is sufficient to provide organ sustenance in the general population.calculated as MAP = diastolic pressure + 1/3 pulse pressure difference.
Time frame: From induction of anesthesia to the end of surgery
heart rate(HR）
Normal values for heart rate are 60-100 beats per minute.
Time frame: From induction of anesthesia to the end of surgery
Aβ1-40 (pg·mL-1)
In the morning, 10 mL of venous blood from the upper limbs was withdrawn under fasting conditions, put into polypropylene EDTA anticoagulation tubes, centrifuged at 1 000 r/min for 3 min within 60 min (maximal centrifugal force: 27 700×g), and plasma was extracted, frozen in a refrigerator at -20 ℃, and then left to be measured. Plasma Aβ1-40 and inflammatory indexes were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in the two groups.
Time frame: From induction of anesthesia to the end of surgery
S100 (pg·mL-1)
In the morning, 10 mL of venous blood from the upper limbs was withdrawn under fasting conditions, put into polypropylene EDTA anticoagulation tubes, centrifuged at 1 000 r/min for 3 min within 60 min (maximal centrifugal force: 27 700×g), and plasma was extracted, frozen in a refrigerator at -20 ℃, and then left to be measured. Plasma Aβ1-40 and inflammatory indexes were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in the two groups.
Time frame: From induction of anesthesia to the end of surgery
IL-1β (pg·mL-1)
In the morning, 10 mL of venous blood from the upper limbs was withdrawn under fasting conditions, put into polypropylene EDTA anticoagulation tubes, centrifuged at 1 000 r/min for 3 min within 60 min (maximal centrifugal force: 27 700×g), and plasma was extracted, frozen in a refrigerator at -20 ℃, and then left to be measured. Plasma Aβ1-40 and inflammatory indexes were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in the two groups.
Time frame: From induction of anesthesia to the end of surgery
IL-6 (pg·mL-1)
In the morning, 10 mL of venous blood from the upper limbs was withdrawn under fasting conditions, put into polypropylene EDTA anticoagulation tubes, centrifuged at 1 000 r/min for 3 min within 60 min (maximal centrifugal force: 27 700×g), and plasma was extracted, frozen in a refrigerator at -20 ℃, and then left to be measured. Plasma Aβ1-40 and inflammatory indexes were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in the two groups.
Time frame: From induction of anesthesia to the end of surgery
TNF-α (pg·mL-1)
In the morning, 10 mL of venous blood from the upper limbs was withdrawn under fasting conditions, put into polypropylene EDTA anticoagulation tubes, centrifuged at 1 000 r/min for 3 min within 60 min (maximal centrifugal force: 27 700×g), and plasma was extracted, frozen in a refrigerator at -20 ℃, and then left to be measured. Plasma Aβ1-40 and inflammatory indexes were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in the two groups.
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Time frame: From induction of anesthesia to the end of surgery