Longitudinal Study of the GLUcagon REsponse to Hypoglycemia in Children and Adolescents With New-onset Type 1 DIAbetes

WP1 : * Inclusion criteria: * De novo type 1 diabetic patient, as per ISPAD criteria; * Symptoms of hyperglycemia: polyuria-polydipsia-amaigrin +/- Acido ketosis. * Fasting blood glucose ≥126 mg/dL AND/OR blood glucose ≥200 mg/dL at 120 minutes of an OGTT AND/OR HbA1c ≥6.5% AND/OR a patient with symptoms of hyperglycemia/hyperglycemic crisis (see 8. a. 2.) with random blood glucose ≥200 mg/dL. Presence in serum of one or more anti-islet autoantibodies (anti-insulin, anti-IA2, anti-GAD65, anti-ZnT8) * Patients aged between 2 and 30 years * Minimum weight: 17 kg (for blood samples) * Male - female patients * Free, written and oral consent. * Exclusion criteria: * Child under 2 years of age. * Taking treatments interfering with insulin secretion and sensitivity (e.g. sulfonylureas, diazoxide, somatostatin, methylxanthine derivatives, corticosteroids, biguanide, incretins). * Presence of newly diagnosed (within 1 month) celiac disease (diagnosed on pathological duodenal biopsy) at inclusion. * Autoimmune/autoinflammatory disease (other than type 1 diabetes) or active malignancy present at inclusion. * Obesity defined as a BMI with a z-score \>+3 SD. * Hepatic, renal or adrenal insufficiency. * History of bone marrow transplantation. * History of diabetes after hemolytic-uremic syndrome. * Epileptic patient * Absence of anti-islet autoantibodies. * Dysmorphia with suspicion of underlying genetic syndrome. * Participation in another study in the previous 3 months, with administration of blood derivatives or potentially immunomodulating treatments. WP2 : * Inclusion Criteria: * De novo type 1 diabetic patient, as per ISPAD criteria; * Symptoms of hyperglycemia: polyuria-polydipsia-amaigrin +/- Acido ketosis. * Fasting blood glucose ≥126 mg/dL AND/OR blood glucose ≥200 mg/dL at 120 minutes of an OGTT AND/OR HbA1c ≥6.5% AND/OR a patient with symptoms of hyperglycemia/hyperglycemic crisis (see 8. a. 2.) with random blood glucose ≥200 mg/dL. * Presence in serum of one or more anti-islet autoantibodies (anti-insulin, anti-IA2, anti-GAD65, anti-ZnT8) * Patients aged between 2 years and 18 years (\<18 years). * Male - female patients * Free, written and oral consent. * Exclusion criteria: * Child under 2 years of age. * Taking treatments that interfere with insulin secretion and sensitivity (e.g. sulfonylureas, diazoxide, somatostatin, methylxanthine derivatives, corticosteroids, biguanide, incretins). * Presence of newly diagnosed (within 1 month) celiac disease (diagnosed on pathological duodenal biopsy) at inclusion. * Autoimmune/autoinflammatory disease (other than type 1 diabetes) or active malignancy present at inclusion. * Obesity defined as a BMI with a z-score \>+3 SD. * Hepatic, renal or adrenal insufficiency. * History of bone marrow transplantation. * History of diabetes after hemolytic-uremic syndrome. * Absence of anti-islet autoantibodies. * Dysmorphia with suspected underlying genetic syndrome. * Participation in another study within the previous 3 months with administration of blood derivatives or potentially immunomodulatory treatments. WP3 : * Inclusion Criteria: * Adult older than 18 years. * Absence of blood marker of diabetes (Absence of antibodies, HbA1C \<6.5%, C-peptide \> 0.18 nmol/L, Fasting blood glucose \< 100 mg/dL, blood glucose at any time \< 200 mg/dL). * Be a first-degree relative with a patient being followed for diabetes (meeting ISPAD criteria). * Male - Female * Free written and oral consent * Exclusion criteria: * Taking treatments that interfere with insulin secretion and sensitivity (e.g. sulfonylureas, diazoxide, somatostatin, methylxanthine derivatives, corticosteroids, biguanide, incretins). * Presence of newly diagnosed (within 1 month) celiac disease (diagnosed on pathological duodenal biopsy) at inclusion. * Autoimmune/autoinflammatory disease (other than type 1 diabetes) or active malignancy present at inclusion. * Obesity defined as a BMI with a z-score \>+3 SD. * Hepatic, renal or adrenal insufficiency. * History of bone marrow transplantation. * History of diabetes after hemolytic-uremic syndrome. * Ischemic cardiomyopathy * Pregnant participant * Epileptic patient WP4 : * Inclusion Criteria: Cohort of patients followed for cystic fibrosis: * Pediatric patient between 2 and 18 years of age. * Diagnosed with cystic fibrosis with impaired pancreatic endocrine function. * Presents glucose homeostasis disorders (regular hypo/hyper-glycemia). * Male - female patient * Free, written and oral consent Cohort of patients with (sub)total pancreatectomy: * Pediatric patients between 2 and 18 years of age. * Follow-up for total pancreatectomy or caudal pancreatectomy * Presents disorders of carbohydrate homeostasis (regular hypo-/hyper-glycemia) * Male - female patient * Free, written and oral consent * Exclusion criteria: * Child under 2 years of age. * Body weight less than 17 kg. * Taking treatments that interfere with insulin secretion and sensitivity (e.g. sulfonylureas, diazoxide, somatostatin, methylxanthine derivatives, corticosteroids, biguanide, incretins). * Presence of newly diagnosed (within 1 month) celiac disease (diagnosed on pathological duodenal biopsy) at inclusion. * Autoimmune/autoinflammatory disease (other than type 1 diabetes) or active malignancy present at inclusion. * Obesity defined as a BMI with a z-score \>+3 SD. * Hepatic, renal or adrenal insufficiency. * History of bone marrow transplantation. * History of diabetes after hemolytic-uremic syndrome. * Dysmorphia with suspected underlying genetic syndrome. * Participation in another study within the last 3 months, with administration of blood derivatives or potentially immunomodulatory treatments. WP5 : * Inclusion Criteria: * Patient who has undergone insulin testing due to suspected growth hormone deficiency or adrenal insufficiency or hypopituitarism. * Patients between the ages of 2 years and 18 years (\<18 years). * Male - female patient. * Free written and oral consent. * Exclusion criteria: * Child under 2 years of age. * Body weight less than 17 kg. * Taking treatments that interfere with insulin secretion and sensitivity (e.g. sulfonylureas, diazoxide, somatostatin, methylxanthine derivatives, corticosteroids, biguanide, incretins). * Presence of newly diagnosed (within 1 month) celiac disease (diagnosed on pathological duodenal biopsy) at inclusion. * Autoimmune/autoinflammatory disease (other than type 1 diabetes) or active malignancy present at inclusion. * Obesity defined as a BMI with a z-score \>+3 SD.. * History of bone marrow transplantation. * History of diabetes after hemolytic-uremic syndrome. * Participation in another study within the last 3 months, with administration of blood derivatives or potentially immunomodulatory treatments. WP6 : * Inclusion Criteria: * Type 1 diabetic patient, as per ISPAD criteria; * Symptoms of hyperglycemia: polyuria-polydipsia-amaigrin +/- Acido ketosis. * Fasting blood glucose ≥126 mg/dL AND/OR blood glucose ≥200 mg/dL at 120 minutes of an OGTT AND/OR HbA1c ≥6.5% AND/OR a patient with symptoms of hyperglycemia/hyperglycemic crisis (see 8. a. 2.) with random blood glucose ≥200 mg/dL. * Presence in serum of one or more anti-islet autoantibodies (anti-insulin, anti-IA2, anti-GAD65, anti-ZnT8) * Patients aged between 2 and 18 years (\<18 years). * Male - female patients * Free, written and oral consent. * Exclusion criteria: * Child under 2 years of age. * Taking treatments interfering with insulin secretion and sensitivity (e.g. sulfonylureas, diazoxide, somatostatin, methylxanthine derivatives, corticosteroids, biguanide, incretins). * Autoimmune/autoinflammatory disease (other than type 1 diabetes) or active malignancy present at inclusion. * Obesity defined as a BMI with a z-score \>+3 SD. * Hepatic, renal or adrenal insufficiency. * History of bone marrow transplantation. * History of diabetes after hemolytic-uremic syndrome. * Epileptic patient * Dysmorphia with suspicion of underlying genetic syndrome. * Participation in another study in the previous 3 months, with administration of blood derivatives or potentially immunomodulating treatments. WP7 : * Inclusion Criteria: * De novo type 1 diabetic patient, as per ISPAD criteria; * Symptoms of hyperglycemia: polyuria-polydipsia-amaigrin +/- Acido ketosis. * Fasting blood glucose ≥126 mg/dL AND/OR blood glucose ≥200 mg/dL at 120 minutes of an OGTT AND/OR HbA1c ≥6.5% AND/OR a patient with symptoms of hyperglycemia/hyperglycemic crisis (see 8. a. 2.) with random blood glucose ≥200 mg/dL. * Presence in serum of one or more anti-islet autoantibodies (anti-insulin, anti-IA2, anti-GAD65, anti-ZnT8) * Patients aged between 2 and 18 years * Minimum weight: 17 kg (for blood samples) * Male - female patients * Free, written and oral consent. * Exclusion criteria: * Child under 2 years of age. * Taking treatments interfering with insulin secretion and sensitivity (e.g. sulfonylureas, diazoxide, somatostatin, methylxanthine derivatives, corticosteroids, biguanide, incretins). * Presence of newly diagnosed (within 1 month) celiac disease (diagnosed on pathological duodenal biopsy) at inclusion. * Autoimmune/autoinflammatory disease (other than type 1 diabetes) or active malignancy present at inclusion. * Obesity defined as a BMI with a z-score \>+3 SD. * Hepatic, renal or adrenal insufficiency. * History of bone marrow transplantation. * History of diabetes after hemolytic-uremic syndrome. * Epileptic patient * Absence of anti-islet autoantibodies. * Dysmorphia with suspicion of underlying genetic syndrome. * Participation in another study in the previous 3 months, with administration of blood derivatives or potentially immunomodulating treatments.