Hypertension guidelines recommend the application of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in the diagnosis and treatment of patients with hypertension. Subtypes of hypertension such as nocturnal hypertension can be found through ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. Previous studies have reported that the prevalence of nocturnal hypertension, even isolated nocturnal hypertension, is higher in patients with chronic kidney disease, and it is associated with adverse events such as cardiovascular events and progression of renal dysfunction. However, the benefit of controlling nocturnal hypertension in patients with chronic kidney disease is unclear. In this study, a total of 200 patients with chronic kidney disease and isolated nocturnal hypertension will be enrolled. Patients will be randomly divided into two treatment groups: the active antihypertensive treatment group and the placebo treatment group (1:1). The antihypertensive treatment group will be treated with arotinolol or amlodipine and clonidine to control nocturnal blood pressure, while the control group will be treated with the corresponding placebos. Randomized patients will be followed up for 2 years to evaluate the effect of controlling isolated nocturnal hypertension on the progression of chronic kidney disease in terms of EPI-estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) decline and change in proteinuria.
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
QUADRUPLE
Enrollment
200
Participants will receive Almar 10 mg orally once daily between 8:00 PM and midnight. At the subsequent visit, if nocturnal blood pressure remains above the target of \<120/70 mmHg, Amlodipine Besylate will be added at a dose of 2.5 mg to 5 mg orally once daily. Should nocturnal blood pressure still not achieve the target at the following visit, Clonidine Hydrochloride 75 µg will be added to the regimen. The target for nocturnal blood pressure control is set at \<120/70 mmHg. For participants whose clinic blood pressure exceeds 140/90 mmHg, an unscheduled visit will be arranged within one month. If elevated clinic blood pressure persists during this visit, a 24-hour Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring (ABPM) will be conducted. If the ABPM results indicate daytime blood pressure ≥135/85 mmHg, open-label add-on antihypertensive therapy will be initiated, prioritizing the use of antihypertensive medications outside of the study drugs to achieve blood pressure control.
Participants are treated with corresponding placebo
Change in renal function from baseline after 2 year of treatment as assessed by EPI-estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR)
Time frame: 2 years
Change in renal function from baseline after 1 year of treatment as assessed by EPI-estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR)
Time frame: 1 year
Change in urine protein from baseline after 1 and 2 years of treatment as assessed by urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio(UACR)
Time frame: 1 and 2 years
50% decrease of albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR) from baseline after 1 and 2 years of treatment
Time frame: 1 and 2 years
Incidence of kidney composite endpoint including end-stage renal disease (ESRD), kidney replacement therapy, or sustained EPI-estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) decline ≥ 40%.
Time frame: 1 and 2 years
Incidence of sustained EPI-estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) < 15 ml/min/1.73 m²
Time frame: 1 and 2 years
Incidence of cardiovascular endpoints including cardiovascular death, non-fatal myocardial infarction, non-fatal stroke, or heart failure hospitalization
Time frame: 1 and 2 years
Changes in cardiac injury after 1 and 2 years of treatment from baseline as assessed by left ventricular mass index or E/E' or cardiac troponin
Time frame: 1 and 2 years
Changes in pulse wave velocity (PWV) after 1 and 2 years of treatment from baseline
Time frame: 1 and 2 years
Incidence of mortality including all-cause, cardiovascular-related, and renal-related.
Time frame: 1 and 2 years
Changes in office and ambulatory blood pressure levels after 1 and 2 years of treatment from baseline
Time frame: 1 and 2 years
Hypotension-related adverse events
dizziness, falls, office blood pressure below 90/60 mmHg, orthostatic hypotension (blood pressure drop exceeding 20/10 mmHg within 3 minutes of standing compared to sitting), and acute kidney injury \[serum creatinine increase ≥0.3 mg/dl (≥26.5 μmol/L) within 48 hours; or serum creatinine rising to ≥1.5 times baseline value within 7 days; or urine output \<0.5 mL/(kg·h) for ≥ 6 hours\].
Time frame: 1 and 2 years
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