The Effect of Metformin As an Adjuvant Therapy on Immunological Parameters in Egyptian Patients with RRMS: a Pilot Study

Inclusion Criteria: * Individuals between 18 and 50 years of age who met the 2017 McDonald criteria were recruited. * Patients with RRMS and had an EDSS score below 7.0. * Participants were required to have been on a stable IFNβ-1a regimen for at least six months before the commencement of the study. Exclusion Criteria: * Individuals taking metformin or other diabetes medications, pregnant, and breastfeeding females were excluded. * Those with congestive heart failure, liver impairment, kidney dysfunction, or chronic respiratory conditions were not eligible to participate. * Additionally, patients who had undergone corticosteroids before or within 4 weeks of the study's commencement were ineligible for participation.