The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of smartphone addiction on temporomandibular dysfunction with the determinants of pain threshold, head posture and neck disability level.
Firstly, the purpose of the research and the evaluation methods were explained to the students. Students who volunteered to participate in the study and met the inclusion criteria were included in the evaluation. Approval was obtained from the evaluated students with the 'Informed Voluntary Consent Form'. Then, the students will fill in the Descriptive Data Form. The risk of smartphone addiction of the students who filled out the Descriptive Data Form was assessed with the Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Form, TMD dysfunction status was assessed with the Fonseca Anamnestic Index, neck disability status was assessed with the Neck Disability Index, TMJ pain was assessed with the Numeric Pain Scale, head posture was assessed with a goniometer, and pressure pain threshold of the tenar and masseter muscles was assessed with an algometer. The evaluations took an average of 45 minutes for each student. The evaluations of the students were performed only once.
Study Type
OBSERVATIONAL
Enrollment
110
Fonseca's Anamnestic Index was used for TMJ dysfunction. The diagnostic accuracy of the Fonseca's Anamnestic Index was found to be high in identifying pain-related and intra-articular TMDs, and the cut-off point was set as 25 points. A score of 25 and above was accepted as the presence of TMD.
In our study, the Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Form will be filled out in order to evaluate the intensity of smartphone use of students, and the daily duration of smartphone use will be recorded. The Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Form is a 6-point Likert-type scale consisting of 10 items used to measure the risk of smartphone addiction. Scores obtained from the scale vary between 10-60, and an increase in the score indicates an increased risk for smartphone addiction. Although the scale does not have a cut-off score in our country, it was determined as 31 for men and 33 for women in the Korean sample.
Bandırma Onyedi Eylül University
Balıkesir, Turkey, Turkey (Türkiye)
Temporomandibular disorder
Fonseca's Anamnestic Questionnaire was used for TMJ dysfunction. The diagnostic accuracy of the Fonseca's Anamnestic Questionnaire was found to be high in identifying pain-related and intra-articular TMDs, and the cut-off point was set as 25 points. A score of 25 and above was accepted as the presence of TMD.
Time frame: June 1, 2024- December 1, 2024
Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Form
In our study, the Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Form will be filled out in order to evaluate the intensity of smartphone use of students, and the daily duration of smartphone use will be recorded. The Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Form is a 6-point Likert-type scale consisting of 10 items used to measure the risk of smartphone addiction. Scores obtained from the scale vary between 10-60, and an increase in the score indicates an increased risk for smartphone addiction. Although the scale does not have a cut-off score in our country, it was determined as 31 for men and 33 for women in the Korean sample.
Time frame: June 1, 2024- December 1, 2024
The Neck Disability Index
The Neck Disability Index was used to assess the disability caused by neck pain. This questionnaire consists of ten items, four of which are related to subjective symptoms (pain intensity, headache, concentration, sleep) and six of which are related to activities of daily living (self-care, lifting, reading, work, driving and leisure activities). Scale scoring ranges from 0-40.
Time frame: June 1, 2024- December 1, 2024
Temporomandibular Joint Pain
Numeric Pain Scale is a simple, reliable and short-term method commonly used in the clinic to measure pain intensity. It is a very reliable method in the evaluation of pharmacological and nonpharmacological treatments that reduce pain. The patient is told that the most severe pain he/she experiences is 10, and if he/she has no pain, the pain intensity is 0. The participant was asked to say a number between 0 and 10 corresponding to the intensity of pain felt in the TMJ region.
Time frame: June 1, 2024- December 1, 2024
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The Neck Disability Index was used to assess the disability caused by neck pain. This questionnaire consists of ten items, four of which are related to subjective symptoms (pain intensity, headache, concentration, sleep) and six of which are related to activities of daily living (self-care, lifting, reading, work, driving and leisure activities). Scale scoring ranges from 0-40.
Numeric Pain Scale is a simple, reliable and short-term method commonly used in the clinic to measure pain intensity. It is a very reliable method in the evaluation of pharmacological and nonpharmacological treatments that reduce pain. The patient is told that the most severe pain he/she experiences is 10, and if he/she has no pain, the pain intensity is 0. The participant was asked to say a number between 0 and 10 corresponding to the intensity of pain felt in the TMJ region.
The anterior posture of the head was assessed with the Craniovertebral angle using a goniometer. The Craniovertebral angle was measured in degrees as the angle between the horizontal plane and the 7th cervical vertebra and the ear hole.
In our study, the pressure pain threshold measurement of the dominant and non-dominant side masseter and tenar muscles was evaluated with Baseline manual algometer.
Anterior head posture
The anterior posture of the head was assessed with the Craniovertebral angle using a goniometer. The Craniovertebral angle was measured in degrees as the angle between the horizontal plane and the 7th cervical vertebra and the ear hole.
Time frame: June 1, 2024- December 1, 2024
Pressure pain threshold assessment
In our study, the pressure pain threshold measurement of the dominant and non-dominant side masseter and tenar muscles was evaluated with Baseline manual algometer.
Time frame: June 1, 2024- December 1, 2024