The goal of this clinical trial is to evaluate if a multicomponent training program (MCT), including aerobic and resistance exercises, or an isometric multicomponent training program (IMCT) can improve physiological, physical fitness, mental well-being, and quality of life in adults and elderly with a history of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) currently stabilized. The main questions it aims to answer are: Does MCT or IMCT improve physiological parameters, physical fitness, mental well-being, and overall quality of life compared to a waitlist control group (WLCG)? Does IMCT provide superior physiological improvements compared to MCT? Researchers will compare: * MCT (a combination of aerobic, mobility, and resistance training exercises) * IMCT (a combination of aerobic, mobility, and isometric exercises) to see if these interventions improve health and quality of life outcomes compared to WLCG (participants not engaging in structured physical activity during the study), and if there will be significant physiological differences between MCT and IMCT . Participants will: * Complete assessments of anthropometric, hemodynamic, physical fitness, and psychological parameters at baseline (T0) and after 24 weeks (T1). * Be randomly assigned to one of three groups (MCT, IMCT, or WLCG). * Engage in a 24-week structured training program (MCT or IMCT) supervised by exercise professionals, including: * Warm-up sessions (10 minutes, low-intensity walking). * Main sessions (40 minutes): aerobic, mobility, resistance (MCT), or isometric (IMCT) exercises. * Cool-down sessions (10 minutes): breathing and stretching exercises. This study will provide insights into the efficacy of tailored physical activity interventions for individuals with a history of cardiovascular conditions.
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
QUADRUPLE
Enrollment
36
Each session consists of: Warm-up (10 minutes): Low-intensity walking (Borg scale 10-11) to increase heart rate, improve blood flow, and prepare joints. Main phase (40 minutes): Aerobic exercises: Controlled jumping jacks, step-ups, alternating knee lifts, lateral steps, and leg lifts. Mobility exercises: Thoracic extensions, cat-to-cows, overhead stretching with a stick, and hip internal rotations (1-3 sets, 30-60 seconds per exercise). Resistance training: Gradual progression of 8 exercises targeting major muscle groups, such as squats, bicep curls, shoulder presses, and rows (1-3 sets, 10-15 reps, RPE 13-15). Cool-down (10 minutes): Breathing exercises and stretching (1-3 sets, 10-30 seconds per stretch).
Each session consists of: Warm-up (10 minutes): Low-intensity walking (Borg scale 10-11) to increase heart rate, improve blood flow, and prepare joints. Main phase (40 minutes): Aerobic exercises: Controlled jumping jacks, step-ups, alternating knee lifts, lateral steps, and leg lifts. Mobility exercises: Thoracic extensions, cat-to-cows, overhead stretching with a stick, and hip internal rotations (1-3 sets, 30-60 seconds per exercise). Isometric training: Gradual progression of 8 isometric exercises targeting major muscle groups, such as wall squats, isometric bicep curls, lateral raises, and rows (1-3 sets, 30 seconds per exercise, RPE 13-15). Cool-down (10 minutes): Breathing exercises and stretching (1-3 sets, 10-30 seconds per stretch).
Società Ginnastica Angiulli
Bari, Italy
Change in Heart Rate
Measured with an average of 3 readings by an automated measurement device (bpm) resting heart rate and peripheral blood pressure (systolic and diastolic blood pressure) will be measured, using the automated oscillometric device.
Time frame: 24-weeks
Change in Resting Diastolic Blood pressure
Measured with an average of 3 readings by an automated measurement device as per the ESC guidelines (mmHg)
Time frame: 24-weeks
Change in Resting Systolic Blood pressure
Measured with an average of 3 readings by an automated measurement device as per the ESC guidelines (mmHg)
Time frame: 24-weeks
Change in lower body strength
30-s chair stand (30CST) test: Sit-to-stand from a chair during 30 seconds (measured in seconds)
Time frame: 24-weeks
Change in functional mobility
Timed Up and Go (TUG) Test (measured in seconds)
Time frame: 24-weeks
Change in Handrigp Strength
Handgrip Strength (HGS) test: muscle strength measured with manual dynamometers (Kgf)
Time frame: 24-weeks
Change in aerobic capacity
2-Minute Step Test (TMST): march in place for 2 minutes, lifting their knees to a height halfway between the iliac crest and the patella.The number of full knee lifts (repetitions) completed in 2 minutes is recorded.
Time frame: 24-weeks
Change in psychological parameters.
SF-36 (Short Form-36) questionnaire: to measure overall health-related quality of life. Scoring range from 0 to 100, where zero indicates the lowest worst health and 100 indicates the best health.
Time frame: 24-weeks
Evaluation of motivation
BREQ-3 (Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire-3): to assess individuals' motivation for exercise based on the Self-Determination Theory (SDT). Each item is rated on a Likert scale (e.g., 0 = "Not true for me" to 4 = "Very true for me"). Scores for each subscale are calculated by averaging the ratings of the items belonging to that subscale. The higher the score in a specific dimension, the stronger that type of motivation.
Time frame: 24-weeks
Evaluation of enjoyment
BREQ-3 (Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire-3): Scores for intrinsic motivation subscale (calculated by averaging the ratings of the items belonging to that subscale) could be used as a proxy to assess the enjoyment levels. Each item is rated on a Likert scale (e.g., 0 = "Not true for me" to 4 = "Very true for me").The higher the score the stronger the outcome.
Time frame: 24-weeks
Evaluation of adherence to training protocols
Adherence (%): (Number of prescribed activities/Number of completed activities )×100
Time frame: 24-weeks
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