The Effect of E-Booklet Traınıng on Self-Effıcacy and Comfort Level in Patıents Wıth Urınary Catheter

Overview

Urinary catheterization is the insertion of a tube through the urethra into the bladder to empty or flush the bladder. Catheterization is preferred in patients with urinary retention and urinary incontinence, in patients who will undergo surgical intervention or in cases where a procedure needs to be performed in the urinary tract, and is applied for short (1-7 days), medium (7-28 days) and long term (longer than 28 days) (National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. (2023). Urinary catheterization is frequently preferred in applications related to treatment and care. According to the CAUTI report, the frequency of urinary catheterization in hospitalized patients in one year is between 15-25% in the world. This rate is between 10-15% in developed countries and 20-30% in developing countries (CAUTI, 2015).

Urinary catheterization is generally preferred for short-term care and treatment (Clarke et al., 2020; Cutinho et al., 2018). Urinary catheterization is critical in routine health care and can cause many complications such as urinary tract infection, epididymitis, catheter obstruction, trauma, pain, bladder spasm, and hematuria if not used appropriately.Darbyshire et al. (2016) found that 32% of patients experienced leakage, 26% experienced pain, 26% experienced discomfort and 24% experienced obstruction.In fact, it is estimated that 450,000 people in the UK undergo short-term urinary catheterization and complications related to urinary catheter use cause 2100 deaths annually (Feneley et al., 2015). Although urinary tract infection due to catheterization is common, patients' failure to perform appropriate behaviors and practices related to catheterization causes the infection to progress and the treatment process to be prolonged.Urinary tract infections account for approximately 20% of healthcare-acquired infections in acute care facilities and more than 50% in long-term care facilities (Zegeye et al., 2023). In the United States, urinary tract infections account for 32% of all hospital-acquired infections and are the most common type of hospital-acquired infection, with approximately 449,000 cases of urinary tract infections and an estimated cost of $450 million per year (Abiodun, 2018). In cases where they are not inserted under appropriate conditions, care is not provided effectively and treatment protocols are not followed, they pave the way for the development of resistant microorganisms. Accordingly, urinary tract infection, which requires a long treatment process in patients, causes many negative consequences, including prolonged hospital stay, increased in-hospital mortality and increased health care costs (Anderson et al., 2021; Cutinho et al., 2018; Snyder et al., 2023).