Sialic Acid in Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Overview

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) accounts for approximately 90% of the cases of liver cancer and is associated with high morbidity and mortality. The increased sialic acids(SAs) in tumor cells are mainly caused by the special metabolic flux and aberrant expression of sialyltransferases/sialidases, The high sensitivity of sialic acids in or plasma as a tumor marker has been reported in various cancerous conditions the level of sialic acid(SA) activity was found to offer highly specific and sensitive tumor biomarker for diagnosis and follow up of HCC post-therapy.

Liver cancer is a growing global health challenge, with an estimated annual incidence of \>1 million cases worldwide by 2025. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) accounts for approximately 90% of the cases of liver cancer and is associated with high morbidity and mortality. The most prominent risk factors for HCC include hepatitis B (HBV), hepatitis C (HCV) viral infections and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which can lead to liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. Other risk factors include heavy alcohol consumption, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), consumption of aflatoxins, obesity associated with metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes (T2D), and tobacco smoking. Sialic acids (SAs) are a subset of nine carbon acidic sugars that contain approximately fifty derivatives of neuraminic acids. The most common sialic acid derivatives found in mammals are N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) and N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc). Sialic acid (SA) structural diversity leads to many biological functions, including antiviral activity, antioxidant activity, anti-adhesion activity , anti-inflammatory property, and improving learning and memory, promoting bone growth and prebiotics . SA can participate in important pathological and physiological processes and can be used as nutrition, drugs and drug carriers to prevent diseases. Therefore, SA is a promising active substance, which can improve human health. SAs on tumor cell surfaces are aberrantly expressed during tumor transformation and malignant progression. In general, hypersialylation is frequently observed in tumor tissues compared to corresponding normal tissue. The increased SAs in tumor cells are mainly caused by the special metabolic flux and aberrant expression of sialyltransferases/sialidases. Abnormal expression of SA is atypical symbol of tumor cells. β-galactoside α2,6 sialyl transferases is closely related to tumorigenesis and tumor progression. High levels of β-galactoside α2,6-sialyltransferases mediated tumorigenesis and metastasis in HCC cells by activating the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. The high sensitivity of SAs in serum or plasma as a tumor marker has been reported in various cancerous conditions. Quantification of total SAs or glycolipid-bound sialic acids in serum is helpful to improve the accuracy of clinical diagnoses and therapies. The level of SA activity was found to offer highly specific and sensitive tumor biomarker for HCC diagnosis and follow up of HCC post-therapy.

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