Effects of Motor Imagery Training After Muscle Lengthening Surgery in Children With Cerebral Palsy

Overview

In children with cerebral palsy (CP), spasticity occurs in the muscles due to upper motor neuron lesions. The muscle groups that are mostly spastic in the lower extremity are; the hip adductor and flexors, hamstrings, and ankle plantar flexors. Spasticity in the ankle plantar flexor muscles of these muscle groups causes contracture over time and restricts ankle dorsiflexion. Limitations in ankle dorsiflexion present as toe walking problems, balance loss, and various functional difficulties in children. Children with spasticity of the ankle plantar flexor muscles gastrocnemius and soleus are initially treated conservatively with exercise and positioning. However, after contracture occurs, treatment is performed using surgical methods. Surgical release of plantar flexor muscles is a method that has been proven to be effective and is frequently applied in the clinic. This surgery aims to remove the ankle dorsiflexion joint range of motion restriction, prevent toe walking, and improve the functional status of the child. However, since the plantar flexor muscles are in the antigravity muscle group, excessive release of these muscles can cause loss of balance and crouch gait. Therefore, it is important for this surgery to be performed by an experienced surgical team at the right time and to provide an exercise protocol aimed at stabilization by working both muscle groups in the postoperative period. In addition, after these surgeries, the patient is immobilized with a cast and orthosis for a while and the patient's active and passive movements are restricted with these devices. Motor Imagery; It is the process of learning a new movement or improving the quality of a known movement by visualizing it in a planned and intensive way in the mind of the person without performing any motor activity. This study hypothesized that the motor imagery training in the early rehabilitation process with movement restrictions after plantar flexor muscle relaxation operations will be effective on the patient's balance, walking, and quality of life.

Cerebral palsy (CP) is a pathology that occurs as a result of a non-progressive lesion in the brain that develops due to various risk factors that may occur before, during, or after birth. The spastic type is the most common type of CP. Children with CP experience various problems in physical, psychological, mental, and social areas depending on the affected area of the brain and the degree of involvement. Motor function losses are the primary problem in individuals with CP. Children are classified according to the level of involvement with the gross motor function scale (GMFCS). While GMFCS level 1 indicates the mildest involvement, GMFCS level 5 indicates the most severe involvement. Spasticity that occurs in the affected areas of the body after upper motor neuron lesions directly negatively affects the child's muscle and joint functions. The muscle groups where spasticity is commonly and frequently seen in the lower extremities are the hip adductor muscles, hamstrings, and ankle plantar flexor muscles. Ankle plantar flexor muscle spasticity can be seen in children of all GMFCS levels and negatively affects the child's functional status and reduces compliance with orthosis use. Increased ankle plantar flexor spasticity causes contracture in the ankle plantar flexors over time, which restricts ankle dorsiflexion. This condition often causes toe walking in children. Toe walking disrupts the child's general body balance and also negatively affects other upper segments, especially the knee joint. The primary treatment option in the presence of ankle plantar flexor muscle spasticity is conservative treatment. Conservative treatment includes positioning the ankle in dorsiflexion and strengthening the dorsiflexor muscles, stretching the ankle plantar flexor muscles, performing relaxation exercises on the same muscle group, transferring weight in the appropriate position, and walking exercises. In addition, in the presence of dynamic spasticity, the effectiveness of botulinum neurotoxin injection applied to the ankle plantar flexor muscles in cases where conservative treatment is inadequate has been shown in the literature. In cases where all these methods are inadequate, plantar flexor muscle contracture is present, and the child is functionally negatively affected, lengthening surgeries performed on the plantar flexor muscles are indicated. This operation can be performed only on the gastrocnemius muscle or on the Achilles tendon, which includes both the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles. The ankle plantar flexor muscles are included in the antigravity muscle group and have an important role in general body balance. The length and strength of these muscles at a certain rate provide stabilization of the body segments. While the increased tone of these muscles disrupts this stabilization, the inability of the elongated muscle to provide sufficient core support after relaxations results in excessive dorsiflexion and suggests that it may cause walking problems and ultimately loss of balance. Therefore, when deciding on plantar flexor muscle relaxation operations applied to children with CP, it is thought that the right timing should be provided and the surgery should be performed with an experienced team in sufficient and correct amounts, and post-operative rehabilitation protocols that include intensive studies on gaining balance and stabilization in the post-operative period will increase balance and walking control. Motor Imagery; It is the process of learning a new movement or increasing the quality of a known movement by visualizing it in a planned and intensive manner in the mind without performing any motor activity. In imagery, while not actually doing any activity; it is possible to experience it through mental imagery by seeing the image in the mind, feeling the movement as in the image, sensing the taste or smell of the image, and hearing its sound. The effectiveness of motor imagery training has been shown in children with CP. There is no study on its effectiveness in the postoperative period. This study hypothesizes that motor imagery training, which will be applied in addition to the post-operative rehabilitation program, is effective on balance, walking, and quality of life, especially in children with CP, in the rehabilitation process where there is a mandatory restriction with plaster and orthosis after ankle plantar flexor muscle lengthening surgeries. The primary aim of this study is to examine the effect of motor imagery training, which will be applied in addition to post-operative rehabilitation after ankle plantar flexor muscle release operations in individuals with CP, on balance, gait, and quality of life.