Helping Adults With Type 2 Diabetes Use Their Health Data for Healthy Diabetes Self-Management

Percent of individuals contacted who enroll in the study

Percent among all individuals approached/contacted who enroll in the study. The goal benchmark is \>/=20%.

Time frame: Pre-baseline

Percent of days self-report data is collected

Percent of days self-report data is collected from participants in MPowerHub study arm. The goal benchmark is \>/=75%.

Time frame: From 0 to 4 months

Percent of weeks participant responds to goal-setting prompts

Percent of weeks participants in MPowerHub study arm respond to goal-setting prompts. The goal benchmark is \>/=65%.

Time frame: From 0 to 4 months

Participant satisfaction with intervention

Study specific Likert-scaled survey item will be used to assess overall intervention satisfaction by participants. Response options range from 1=highly unsatisfied to 5=highly satisfied. Satisfaction will be defined as a rating of 4=satisfied or 5=highly satisfied. The goal benchmark is \>/=80% satisfaction for the MPowerHub arm. The results for MPowerHub arm will also be compared to the two other arms.

Time frame: 4 months

Change in hemoglobin A1c

Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) data will be obtained from participant's electronic health record. The most recent HbA1c value recorded within 0-6 months prior to enrollment will be used for the baseline measure, and the most recent value recorded at 4-6 months post-enrollment will be used for the outcome measure. If no results from routine HbA1c have been recorded during the relevant time period, the outcome HbA1c data will be collected with a National Glycohemoglobin Standardization Program-certified point of care instrument.

Time frame: Baseline vs 4-6 Months

Change in diabetes medication regimen

Prescribed diabetes medications will be obtained from the participant's electronic health record. A change in diabetes medication regimen assessed by calculating the change in diabetes medication class, e.g., adding or subtracting a class or classes. The range could be negative to positive (e.g., -2, -1, 0, +1, +2) depending on if and how many classes changes occurred.

Time frame: From baseline to 4-6 months

Started on insulin

Prescribed insulin during the course of the intervention will be obtained from the participant's electronic health record and documented as yes/no.

Time frame: From baseline to 4-6 months

Change in medication adherence

Medication adherence will be assessed using the self-report Domains of Subjective Extent of Nonadherence (DOSE-Nonadherence) scale, which is comprised of 3 items assessing the extent to which participants missed, skipped, or did not take their medication as prescribed during the past 7 days. Possible scores range from 1=none of the time to 5=every time with a lower score indicating a greater degree of adherence. Items are summed and scores are averaged. The higher the score, the greater the nonadherence.

Time frame: Baseline vs. 4 Months

Change in healthy eating

Healthy eating will be assessed using the "overall health eating" Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities (SDSCA) scale. Participants will be asked how many of the last 7 days have they followed a healthy eating plan (0=no days and 7=all the days). The higher the score, the healthier the eating plan.

Time frame: Baseline vs 4 Months

Change in fruit and vegetable intake per day

Change in fruit and vegetable intake will be assessed using the 6-item Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) 2017 Fruit and Vegetable Module. Change in daily frequency of fruit and vegetable intake will be calculated using the BRFSS scoring algorithm.

Time frame: Baseline vs 4 months

Change in physical activity

Change in physical activity will be assessed using the International Activity Questionnaire - Short Form (IPAQ-SF). The IPAQ-SF asks respondents to report their frequency and duration of walking, moderate-intensity activity, and vigorous-intensity activity in minutes or hours per day. Our study will score results within each domain separately. Responses will be converted into metabolic equivalent of task (MET) minutes; the higher the MET minutes, the higher the degree of physical activity.

Time frame: Baseline vs 4 Months

Change in goal setting

Change in goal setting will be assessed using the Patient Assessment of Chronic Illness Care (PACIC) survey. The PACIC includes three questions about thoughts and actions around setting diabetes goals with 5-point Likert scales (almost never to almost always). Scores will be summed from 3 (all almost never) to 15 (all almost always) and averaged with higher scores reflecting better goal setting.

Time frame: Baseline vs 4 months

Change in intrinsic motivation

Change in intrinsic motivation will be assessed using the Treatment Self-Regulation Questionnaire (TSRQ) Concerning Diabetes Scale A. The scale includes 3 questions related to autonomous regulation questions measured through a 7-point Likert scale, where 1 is "not at all true", 4 is "somewhat true", and 7 is "very true". Scores will be summed and divided by the total number of items. The higher the score, the higher the level of autonomous regulation.

Time frame: Baseline vs 4 months

Change in extrinsic motivation

Change in extrinsic motivation will be assessed using the Treatment Self-Regulation Questionnaire (TSRQ) Concerning Diabetes Scale A. The scale includes 5 questions related to controlled regulation questions measured through a 7-point Likert scale, where 1 is "not at all true", 4 is "somewhat true", and 7 is "very true". Scores will be summed and divided by the total number of items. The higher the score, the higher the level of controlled regulation.

Time frame: Baseline vs 4 months

Change in empowerment

Change in empowerment will be assessed using the Diabetes Empowerment Scale-Short Form (DES-SF). Participants will be asked to respond to 8 questions measured through a 5-point Likert scale (strongly disagree to strongly agree). Scores will be summed and divided by the total number of items. The higher the score indicates a higher level of empowerment.

Time frame: Baseline vs 4 months

Change in diabetes distress - overall

Change in overall diabetes distress will be assessed using the Diabetes Distress Scale - 17 (DDS17), which yields a total diabetes distress score. To score, participant's responses to the appropriate items are summed and divided by the number of items in the scale (possible range 1-6). The higher the score indicates a higher level of distress.

Time frame: Baseline vs 4 months

Change in diabetes distress - emotional burden

Change in emotional burden will be assessed using the Diabetes Distress Scale - 17 (DDS17), which yields a subscale score addressing emotional burden. To score, participant's responses to the appropriate items are summed and divided by the number of items in the emotional burden subscale, possible range 1-6). The higher the score indicates a higher level of distress.

Time frame: Baseline vs 4 months

Change in diabetes distress - regimen distress

Change in regimen distress will be assessed using the Diabetes Distress Scale - 17 (DDS17), which yields a subscale score addressing regimen distress. To score, participant's responses to the appropriate items are summed and divided by the number of items in the regimen distress subscale, possible range 1-6). The higher the score indicates a higher level of distress.

Time frame: Baseline vs 4 months

Participant rating of intervention usability

Intervention usability will be assessed using the System Usability Scale. Participants will be asked to respond to 10 questions measured through a 5-point Likert scale (strongly disagree to strongly agree). To score, values are converted to 0 to 4 by subtracting one from odd item scale positions and subtracting the scale position from five for even-numbered items. Converted responses are summed and the total is multiplied by 2.5; the converted range of possible values is from 0 to 100 (with 100 being the most positive response).

Time frame: 4 months

Participant perceptions of the benefit of continuous glucose monitoring systems

Perceptions about the benefits of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) systems will be assessed using the Perceived Benefits of CGM (BenCGM) scale. Participants in the MPowerHub and CGM study arms will be asked 8 questions measured with a 5-point Likert scale (strongly disagree to strongly agree). Item scores are summed and range from 8 (all strongly disagree) to 40 (all strongly agree).

Time frame: 4 months

Participant perceptions of the barriers of continuous glucose monitoring systems

Perceptions about the barriers of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) systems will be assessed using the Perceived Barriers of CGM (BurCGM) scale. Participants in the MPowerHub and CGM study arms will be asked 8 questions measured with a 5-point Likert scale (strongly disagree to strongly agree). Item scores are summed and range from 8 (all strongly disagree) to 40 (all strongly agree).

Time frame: 4 months