"Improving Health and Reducing Chronic Disease Risk in Middle-Aged Adults Through Nutrition"

Overview

The goal of this clinical trial is to evaluate the effect of a multifactorial lifestyle intervention combining Mediterranean diet, energy reduction and physical activity on weight loss in middle-aged adults (men and women 30-50 years old) with metabolic syndrome. The main questions it aims to answer are: Is a multifactorial intervention based on Mediterranean diet, energy reduction and physical activity able to promote weight loss maintenance in middle-aged men and women with metabolic syndrome? syndrome? Which are the sociodemographic barriers to adhere to a multifactorial lifestyle intervention to promote cardiometabolic health? How is the lifestyle pattern of middle-aged Spanish adults with metabolic Researchers will compare a multifactorial lifestyle intervention combining Mediterranean diet, energy reduction and physical activity to a control intervention based on usual primary healthcare to see if the intervention improve cardiometabolic traits and promote weight loss maintenance after 1 year. Participants in the intervention arm will be asked to follow an energy-reduced Mediterranean diet plus a physical activity program with the aim of reducing 5-10% of the initial weight in 6 months and of maintaining the weight lost after 1 year o follow-up.

Metabolic syndrome (MetS), characterized by the presence of hyperglycemia, hypertension, abdominal obesity and dyslipidemia, is associated with the development of non-communicable diseases such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes or different types of cancer. The prevalence of MetS is increasing in the population. Most of the affected population is elderly adult population (\> 50 years), although the incidence of MetS in young adults is growing at a worrying rate. The presence of MetS is associated with chronic medication and has a great impact on the quality of life of individuals, but it also has a huge socioeconomic impact on the population. Therefore, implementing strategies aimed at preventing MetS at an early age is of crucial importance for maintaining population health. Adopting healthier lifestyle habits has been shown to be a protective measure against MetS. Pursuing these changes to become part of people's daily routines takes time and they always face various obstacles along the way. There are 4 phases before achieving this change: one of mind reflection, another of preparation, one of action and finally maintenance. The present study attempts, with middle-aged adult patients with MetS, to influence these 4 phases and evaluate whether changes in eating habits, more specifically, adherence to a Mediterranean diet with energy restriction, and physical activity, promoted within the frame of Primary Care have an impact on the reversal and control of such pathology: on the one hand, whether the general well- being of the participants is improved and how positive the changes are in the metabolic, anthropometric, analytical and cardiovascular health parameters and, on the other hand, the effect that occurs on nutrient intake and the overall dietary pattern. Moreover, without neglecting the maintenance phase that seeks to identify facilitators and impediments for its long-term maintenance outside the spectrum of action of the study. The study will be an open, controlled, randomized clinical trial with parallel groups, made up of adults between 30 and 50 years of age with MetS, with one group in intervention for 6 months and one control group with recommendations from nursing clinics for populations with chronic diseases and/or analytical disorders. In month 12, 6 months after the completion of the intervention for each patient in the study, an evaluation of adherence to the therapeutic plan will be carried out of the group independently. Data collection during the trial will be of 3 types: sociodemographic, anthropometric, dietary, clinical and analytical. Our hypothesis is that a change in diet and physical activity, promoted from the area of Primary Care in the young adult population with MetS, impacts the following aspects: encourage reflection on the need to change lifestyle habits; prepare the patient to make modifications aimed at improving their well-being; guide on the actions necessary to achieve the reversal and management of MetS and maintain life changes once the study is completed.