The goal of this clinical trial is to evaluate if the exercised via data-driven approach is effective in enhance the gait pattern in people with stroke. It will reduce burdun of patient consultations for clinicians in reality.The main questions it aims to answer are: Does individualized exercise training programmes via data-driven approach could improve gait patterns in individuals with chronic stroke? Does individualized exercise training programmes via data-driven approach could improve improve motor recovery, motor functions (including gait speed and balance performance), and community integration in individuals with chronic stroke? Participants will: Undergo 12 supervised-exercise (training sessions (60 minutes, two times a week, for six weeks), Participants will receive a data-driven exercise prescription or conventional exercise prescription which consists of 5 different exercises. They will be assessed on Baseline assessment before training (A0); after six sessions (A1); after 12 sessions (A2); and three months after training (A3).
Based on the results of the gait patterns and Electromyography (EMG) analysis, the principal investigator (PI) will design appropriate exercises that target the specific gait impairment at a specific time period during the gait cycle. Exercises will utilize various modalities that are commonly used in clinical practice, including TheraBand, gym equipment, free weight. The training may target single-joint movement or targeting a movement pattern that involves multiple joint holistically. A body harness system will be used to protect the participant during the exercise training. The participant will be supervised by a research assistant who has rich experience in conducting exercise training on people with disability. Below are potential exercises that will be prescribed to the participant based on their impairment revealed by the analyses. eg. Lack of hip flexion during swing phase: Open kinetic chain strengthing exercise for hip flexor in a concentric manner...
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
TRIPLE
Enrollment
52
The result from the Statistical Parametric Mapping 1D (SPM1D) analysis will be used to identify the magnitude of deviation from normal gait patterns in reference to healthy subjects for each lower limb joint. Thereby, the targeted action and joint position can be identified. Training will focus on the specific movement where the "steepest gradients" are observed. The targeted exercises will be selected based on the five largest deviations observed during the swing or stance phase. Open-chain exercises will be applied to address deviations in the swing phase, while closed-chain exercises will be applied to address deviation in the stance phase. Each exercise will be performed for approximately 80-100 repetitions, with a total duration of 10 minutes per exercise, including rest periods.
The participants will perform dose match standardised exericse program.
the Hong Kong Polytechnic University
Hksar, Hong Kong
RECRUITINGGait kinematics
Seventeen wearable sensors (Inertial Measurement Units, IMUs) were attached to the participants' bodies in accordance with the Xsens user manual to collect kinematic data. The extracted data included the pelvis tilt angle (°), oblique angle (°), and rotation angle (°); hip flexion angle (°) and abduction angle (°); knee bending angle (°); as well as ankle flexion angle (°) and abduction angle (°), which were used for further analysis. These data were converted into standardized gait cycles (101 time points) for statistical parametric mapping (SPM1D) analysis, and the deviation time from the normal reference was compared to determine whether there were changes in deviation timing before and after the treatment.
Time frame: At baseline and 6 weeks post-intervention
Electromyography (EMG) signals in Maximum Voluntary Contraction (MVC) and muscle activation during gait
Twelve Electromyography (EMG) sensors were placed on the left and right sides of the gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, quadriceps, hamstrings, tibialis anterior, and gastrocnemius muscles to measure Maximum Voluntary Contraction (MVC). In addition, the timing of each muscle activiation during gait cycle will be extracted to compared before and after training. This includes identifying the onset (activation start) and offset (activation end) of each muscle relative to specific phases of the gait cycle, such as the stance and swing phases.
Time frame: At baseline and 6 weeks post-intervention
Fugl-Meyer assessment (FMA-LE)
The lower extremity motor subscale of the Fugl-Meyer assessment (FMA-LE) was used to measure the level of lower extremity motor recovery after stroke. Quality of reflexes, coordination and voluntary movements of the paretic leg was assessed using a 0-to-34-point scale. Higher FMA-LE score indicated a better level of motor recovery.
Time frame: At baseline and 6 weeks post-intervention
Berg Balance Scale (BBS)
Berg Balance Scale (BBS) was adopted to measure functional balance performance. The scale consists of 14 items, each rating a participant's ability to maintain stability in a specified functional task on a 5 point (0-4) scale. The maximal score of BBS is 56 and minimum is 0, with a higher score indicating better balance performance.
Time frame: At baseline and 6 weeks post-intervention
Subjective Index of physical and Social Outcome (SIPSO)
The Chinese version of the subjective Index of physical and Social Outcome (SIPSO) questionnaire assesses the extent to which individuals with disabilities are able to function physically and socially to their own satisfaction. It is a 5 point (0-4) scale, the maximal score of SIPSO is 40 and minimum score is 0, with a higher score indicating better physical and social integration.
Time frame: At baseline and 6 weeks post-intervention
Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB)
The Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) is a tool used to assess lower extremity function and physical performance in older adults. It includes three components: Balance Tests: Measures ability to maintain balance in different stances. Gait Speed: Assesses walking speed over a short distance. Chair Stand Test: Evaluates leg strength by timing how quickly one can stand from a seated position multiple times. The maximum score is 12 and the minimum score is 0, a higher score indicates better physical performance and functional ability.
Time frame: At baseline and 6 weeks post-intervention
Trunk Impairment Scale (TIS)
The Trunk Impairment Scale (TIS) is an assessment tool used to evaluate trunk control and stability. It is primarily used for individuals with neurological conditions, such as stroke. The scale measures: Static Sitting Balance: Ability to maintain a stable sitting position. Dynamic Sitting Balance: Ability to maintain balance while moving. Coordination: Assesses coordinated trunk movements. It has a maximum score of 23 and minimum score of 0. The higher the score, the better the trunk control, stability, and coordination.
Time frame: At baseline and 6 weeks post-intervention
Ability to Perform Locomotion Activities (ABILOCO)
ABILOCO is a questionnaire designed to assess locomotion and daily-life ability in individuals. It evaluates a person's capacity to perform various mobility tasks, ranging from simple to complex. The ABILOCO scale typically ranges from a minimum score of 0 to a maximum score of 59, where higher scores indicate better locomotion ability and greater independence in performing mobility tasks.
Time frame: At baseline and 6 weeks post-intervention
Timed Up and Go (TUG) test
The Timed Up and Go (TUG) test was used to assess functional mobility, balance, and fall risk. Participants were instructed to stand up from a standard chair (45cm-height), walk a distance of 3 meters, turn around, walk back to the chair, and sit down. The total time taken to complete the task was recorded in seconds using a stopwatch. A shorter completion time indicates better functional mobility, while longer times may reflect impaired mobility or increased fall risk.
Time frame: At baseline and 6 weeks post-intervention
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