Non-Pharmacological Methods for Reducing Pain During Vaccination in Infants

University of Yalova90 enrolled

Overview

Pain management in infants is a medical responsibility of all members of the healthcare team, and nurses hold a privileged role in this regard. The primary goal of pain management is to accurately assess and identify the infant's pain at an early stage, support the development of coping mechanisms through both pharmacological and non-pharmacological methods, and minimize the pain experience as much as possible. Pain management achieved through non-pharmacological interventions constitutes a safe, non-invasive, cost-effective, and independently performed nursing practice. This randomized controlled study was conducted to determine the effect of non-pharmacological methods, specifically maternal holding and breastfeeding, on reducing pain during vaccination in infants.

Study Type

INTERVENTIONAL

Allocation

RANDOMIZED

Purpose

SUPPORTIVE_CARE

Masking

SINGLE

Enrollment

Conditions

Pain Breast Feeding Maternal Behavior

Interventions

Maternal Holding Intervention GroupBEHAVIORAL

The infant is required to be held in the mother's arms before, during, and after the procedure. The maternal holding method will be shown or explained to the mother by the researchers.

Breast Feeding Intervention GroupBEHAVIORAL

The infant's mother is instructed to begin breastfeeding 2 minutes before the procedure, continuing during and after the procedure. The breastfeeding position for the infant will be shown or explained to the mother by the researchers.

Eligibility

Sex: ALLMin age: 1 MonthMax age: 6 MonthsHealthy volunteers:

Medical Language ↔ Plain English

Inclusion Criteria: * Being healthy, * Aged between 4 weeks and 6 months, * Parents have given verbal and written consent to participate in the study, * Born at term (37 weeks of gestation or later), * Scheduled for vaccination under the Ministry of Health's vaccination program, * Not having taken analgesics/antipyretics in the last 4 hours before the procedure, * Having a normal body temperature (between 36.5°C and 37.1°C). Exclusion Criteria: * Having a chronic or mental illness, or a congenital anomaly, * Being older than 6 months, * Having a body temperature above 37.1°C, * Receiving analgesics, sedatives, or any other medication.

Outcomes

Primary Outcomes

Evaluation of pain and crying duration in the infant held in the mother's arms during the vaccination procedure

The pain of the infant held in the mother's arms will be measured using the Neonatal Infant Pain Scale 2 minutes before the procedure, during the procedure, and 3 minutes after the procedure. The crying duration before and after the procedure will be measured using a stopwatch.

Time frame: Two minutes before the procedure, during the procedure, and three minutes after the procedure.

Evaluation of pain and crying duration in the infant held in the breast feeding during the vaccination procedure

The pain of the infant using the breastfeeding method will be measured using the Neonatal Infant Pain Scale 2 minutes before the procedure, during the procedure, and 2 minutes after the procedure. The crying duration before and after the procedure will be measured using a stopwatch.