Intracardiac Echocardiography-Guided Catheter Ablation for Premature Ventricular Contractions Originating From the Papillary Muscles

Inclusion Criteria: * Patients aged ≥18 years. * Diagnosed with premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) originating from the papillary muscles. * Symptoms refractory to antiarrhythmic drug therapy. * Patients must be capable and willing to provide written informed consent for study participation. Exclusion Criteria: * History of cardiac surgery or any prior cardiac interventional procedures. * Ischemic heart disease, dilated cardiomyopathy, or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. * Severe hepatic or renal dysfunction: AST/ALT \>3× upper limit of normal (ULN); Serum creatinine (SCr) \>3.5 mg/dl or creatinine clearance (Ccr) \<30 ml/min. * Prior ablation for papillary muscle PVCs. * Life expectancy \<1 year. * Pregnancy or lactation.