Circumferential Pulmonary Vein Isolation Plus Transition Zone Modification in Atrial Fibrillation Patients Without Low-Voltage Areas

Inclusion Criteria: Aged 18 to 80 years AF referring for ablation No prior history of AF Absence of low-voltage areas during substrate mapping Presence of transition zone during substrate mapping Sign informed consent Exclusion Criteria: Presence of left atrial thrombus Acute coronary syndrome, cardiac surgery, angioplasty, or cerebrovascular accident within three months prior to enrollment Previous cardiac transplantation, complex congenital heart disease, rheumatic heart disease Untreated hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism Dialysis-dependent terminal renal failure Life expectancy \<12 months due to non-cardiovascular causes. Any conditions that, in the opinion of the investigator, may render the patient unable to complete the study Female under pregnancy or breast-feeding Involved in other studies