This study aims to determine whether Cognitive Remediation Therapy (CRT) can improve attention, memory, and emotional regulation in people with schizophrenia. CRT is a structured program that includes exercises to strengthen cognitive skills such as problem-solving, working memory, and emotion regulation. The study will recruit 60 participants: 30 individuals with schizophrenia and 30 healthy individuals of similar age and gender. Those with schizophrenia will be randomly assigned to either receive CRT or be placed on a waitlist without therapy. All participants will undergo non-invasive brain activity (EEG) and emotional response (GSR) recordings before and after the therapy. The study's main question is: Does participating in a 12-week CRT program improve brain-based markers of attention and emotional regulation in people with schizophrenia? Additional tests, such as memory and emotion recognition tasks and self-report questionnaires, will help assess changes in thinking skills and emotional well-being. The study may help better understand how CRT affects both brain function and quality of life in schizophrenia.
This is a randomized controlled trial examining the effects of Cognitive Remediation Therapy (CRT) on neurophysiological and behavioral outcomes in schizophrenia. The primary goal is to assess whether CRT improves attentional control, sensory processing, executive function, and emotional regulation as measured by EEG and GSR. Sixty participants will be enrolled: 30 individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia (DSM-5 criteria) and 30 healthy controls matched by age and gender. The schizophrenia group will be randomized into a CRT intervention arm and a waitlist control group. Healthy controls will not undergo CRT but will participate in baseline neurophysiological assessments to establish normative EEG and GSR values. CRT will consist of 12 weekly sessions (approximately 60 minutes each), targeting cognitive domains such as working memory, attention, executive function, and emotion regulation using structured exercises and computer-based tasks. EEG recordings will include P300 (oddball paradigm), mismatch negativity (MMN), and frontal theta power (cognitive control tasks). GSR will assess baseline skin conductance and reactivity to negative emotional stimuli. Behavioral tasks include the Stroop task, digit span, and facial emotion recognition. Psychometric instruments include the Turkish-validated versions of: * Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) * Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia (BACS) * Schizophrenia Quality of Life Scale (SQLS) Primary outcomes will be assessed via pre- and post-test comparisons. Statistical methods include repeated-measures ANOVA, mixed-effects modeling, and regression analyses linking physiological changes to cognitive and emotional performance. The study is ethically approved and aligns with international standards for human research.
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
SINGLE
Enrollment
60
CRT is a structured behavioral intervention consisting of weekly 60-minute sessions for 12 weeks. The therapy includes tasks to enhance cognitive skills such as attention, memory, executive function, and emotional regulation using computer-based training and therapist-guided exercises.
Beykoz University
Istanbul, Turkey (Türkiye)
RECRUITINGChange from Baseline in P300 Amplitude Measured via EEG at 12 Weeks
P300 amplitude will be recorded during an auditory oddball task using EEG. Increased P300 amplitude after the 12-week CRT intervention is interpreted as an improvement in attentional processing and cognitive engagement. P300 is a continuous electrophysiological variable typically ranging from 0 to 15 microvolts; higher values post-intervention suggest enhanced neurocognitive performance.
Time frame: Baseline and 12 Weeks Post-Intervention
Change from Baseline in Mismatch Negativity (MMN) Amplitude Measured via EEG at 12 Weeks
MMN amplitude will be measured during an auditory passive oddball paradigm to assess sensory discrimination and predictive coding. MMN is an event-related potential, with amplitudes typically ranging from 0 to -10 µV. Increased MMN amplitude post-intervention indicates improved auditory processing.
Time frame: Baseline and 12 Weeks Post-Intervention
Change from Baseline in Frontal Midline Theta Power During Cognitive Tasks at 12 Weeks
Frontal theta power (4-8 Hz) will be extracted from EEG recordings during cognitive tasks such as the Stroop and n-back. Increases in theta power are associated with enhanced working memory and executive control.
Time frame: Baseline and 12 Weeks Post-Intervention
Change from Baseline in Skin Conductance Response (SCR) to Emotional Stimuli at 12 Weeks
GSR responses to emotionally negative images will be measured. A decrease in SCR amplitude reflects reduced emotional hyperreactivity and improved autonomic regulation.
Time frame: Baseline and 12 Weeks Post-Intervention
Change from Baseline in Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) Total Score at 12 Weeks
Self-reported emotion regulation difficulties will be assessed using the Turkish-validated DERS. Scores range from 36 to 180, with higher scores indicating more severe regulation difficulties. A decrease in score post-intervention reflects improved regulation.
Time frame: Baseline and 12 Weeks Post-Intervention
Change from Baseline in Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia (BACS) Total Score at 12 Weeks
BACS assesses domains such as verbal memory, attention, working memory, and executive function. Higher scores post-intervention indicate improved cognitive performance.
Time frame: Baseline and 12 Weeks Post-Intervention
Change from Baseline in Schizophrenia Quality of Life Scale (SQLS) Total Score at 12 Weeks
The SQLS measures subjective quality of life in schizophrenia. Lower total scores after CRT indicate improvements in psychological and social well-being.
Time frame: Baseline and 12 Weeks Post-Intervention
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