Pain, Sleep Quality, Eating Habits and Physical Activity Level in Patients With Bipolar Disorder

Overview

Bipolar disorder (BD) is a complex condition characterized by recurrence of mania, hypomania, and depression. It is characterized by changes in daily life activities, sleep status, focus problems, and cognitive fluctuations. The mortality rate due to suicide and cardiovascular diseases increases in individuals with BD. The DSM-5TR defines BD as Bipolar I Disorder (BD-1) with one or more manic episodes, Bipolar II Disorder (BD-II) with at least one severe depressive episode accompanied by at least one hypomanic episode, Cyclothymia disorder, substance-induced bipolar disorder, bipolar or related disorder related to another medical condition, other defined bipolar and related disorder, and undefined bipolar and related disorder. The lifetime prevalence of BD varies between 0.6% and 1.0% for Type I and 0.4% and 1.1% for Type II. Symptoms usually start between 14-21 years of age. Depressive episodes and lifelong single marital status are more common in females, while substance abuse is more common in males. Depression attacks are longer than manias, but the duration of attacks does not differ between types. The mean duration of depressive and manic periods is 5.2 months and 3.5 months, respectively. Pain is observed in 28.9% of patients with a diagnosis of GI, which decreases the quality of life and is a significant concern in psychological disorders.

Bipolar disorder (BD) is assumed to be a multifactorial entity including psychosocial and genetic factors whose neurobiology is still unclear. BD is characterised by recurrence of mania, hypomania and depression. In the fluctuations seen in these transitions, individuals may experience changes in daily life activities and sleep status, focussing problems and cognitive fluctuations. The mortality rate due to suicide and cardiovascular diseases increases in individuals with BD. DSM-5TR defines BD as Bipolar I Disorder (BD-1) in the presence of one or more manic episodes, Bipolar II Disorder (BD-II) in the presence of at least one severe depressive episode accompanied by at least one hypomanic episode, Cyclothymia disorder which does not meet the criteria for BD I-II but has a course closer to normal including prolonged hypomanic and depressive episodes, It is classified as substance-induced bipolar disorder which occurs in case of intoxication or withdrawal as a result of the use of drugs or medications, bipolar or related disorder related to another medical condition, other defined bipolar and related disorder including mild and atypical symptoms, and undefined bipolar and related disorder in which symptoms are predominant but diagnostic criteria are not sufficiently present. The lifetime prevalence of BD is estimated to vary between 0.6% and 1.0% for Type I and between 0.4% and 1.1% for Type II. Symptoms of most of the cases start between 14-21 years of age. Although there are no major differences between genders, depressive episodes and lifelong single marital status are more common in female individuals and substance abuse is more common in male individuals. In a study examining the duration of attacks, it was reported that depression attacks were much longer than manias, but the duration of attacks did not differ between types and the mean duration of depressive and manic periods were 5.2 months and 3.5 months, respectively. In the manic period, the level of consciousness of the patients is generally clear and attention is increased. However, clouding of consciousness may occur due to reasons such as being physically more active than normal and disrupting or reducing eating patterns. Sudden sleep disturbances such as difficulty falling asleep and waking up at unusual hours may be a sign of mania. Excessive physical activity may cause exhaustion and weight loss with the emergence of nutritional problems. Although consciousness is intact during depression, blurred consciousness may occur in exhausted and numbness depressions. Increased desire for sleep, decreased appetite, exhaustion and decreased sexual desire may be observed. Pain is observed in 28.9% of patients with a diagnosis of GI. The prevalence of pain in patients, especially chronic pain and migraine, decreases the quality of life and studies in this patient group are limited. Acute pain, on the other hand, has been shown in one study to be 83% of those who felt pain momentarily. Since chronic pain triggers recurrent thoughts of death, pain management should be a part of treatment in psychological disorders. In the literature, quality of life, sleep disorder, eating disorder, physical activity, suicidal ideation and pain (localisation and intensity) of patients diagnosed with bipolar disorder have been examined separately, but there are few studies on pain in bipolar disorder. In our country, it is observed that there have not been many studies on pain assessment in this patient group.