Development Study of Pain Monitoring and Injury Impact Scale

Overview

This study introduced and validated the Pain Monitoring and Injury Impact Scale for Athletes (PAMIIS), developed to address the lack of a comprehensive tool in Turkish for assessing injury-related pain and its multidimensional impact on athletes.The development process involved expert consultations, literature review, and feedback from athletes, resulting in a 37-item pool that was refined through pilot testing. Psychometric analyses conducted with 148 athletes demonstrated strong internal consistency, high test-retest reliability, and substantial correlations with established tools such as the Visual Analog Scale, OSTRC-O, and OSTRC-H. The final scale structure, consisting of 32 items across four subscales, was confirmed through both exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. PAMIIS is a psychometrically sound instrument for systematically monitoring athletes' health status and documenting the short- and long-term consequences of sports injuries.

ABSTRACT Aims: In Turkish, there is no valid and reliable measurement tool for monitoring the health status of athletes and evaluating the effects of injuries on them from various dimensions. With this study, we aimed to develop a measurement tool to detect pain associated with sports injuries and to investigate the consequences of injury. We created a measurement tool called Pain Monitoring and Injury Impact Scale for Athletes-PAMIIS, which consists of a Pain Detection Diagram and an Injury Impact Scale. Methods: PAMIIS was designed and improved upon expert, partner, and participant opinions and a literature review. Initially, a pool of 37 items was created. The content and scope of the tool were checked with a pilot test on 30 athletes. In the main test phase, 148 participants (200 sample) were tested for item consistency, and 55 athletes (70 sample) were retested for stability to determine reliability. For concurrent validity, PAMIIS sub-scores were compared with the Visual Analog Scale, the Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center Overuse Injury Questionnaire (OSTRC-O), and the Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center on Health Problems (OSTRC-H) scores. Scale structure revealed with Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) for the construct validity. In the final phase, 90 (122 sample) athletes were administered the restructured scale, and its construct was tested with Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA).