Risk Factors and Application of Risk Management Strategies in Hemodialysis Patients Complicated With Heart Failure

Inclusion Criteria: * Patients were aged 18 years or older who had been undergoing regular hemodialysis treatment for more than three months. * Patients were in good cardiopulmonary health without severe acute or chronic diseases, and were capable of undergoing the study-related examinations and treatments. * Patients had not undergone major surgeries or experienced acute complications within the three months prior to enrollment, and their conditions were stable. * Patients demonstrated high compliance by following medical advice and regularly attending dialysis sessions and related examinations. ⑤Patients were able to understand the study objectives, had signed the informed consent form, and were willing to cooperate with follow-up visits and long-term observation. Exclusion Criteria: * Patients were excluded if they had severe liver diseases (e.g., cirrhosis or liver failure), significant systemic infections, active tuberculosis, malignant tumors, connective tissue diseases, or other major illnesses. * Patients with congenital kidney diseases, congenital heart defects, or other severe congenital structural abnormalities were excluded. * Patients who had a documented history of severe cardiac diseases were excluded, including those with primary/secondary cardiomyopathy, valvular heart disease, myocarditis, or pericardial diseases. * Patients were excluded if they had severe mental disorders or cognitive impairments that prevented their cooperation with study assessments or treatments. ⑤Patients whose clinical records or examination data were incomplete, thereby precluding effective analysis, were excluded.