The main aim of this clinical trial is to compare the beverage hydration index of three different beverages in primary school-aged children.The Beverage Hydration Index (BHI), compares the hydration value of beverages against water. This study will explore the fluid retention capabilities of strawberry flavoured semi-skimmed milk, a new formulation of whey permeate based on a previous study, and water. This study will also investigate: * Identify the most effective beverage for hydration and the potential cognitive and mood benefits. * To test if these beverages have any effect on gastric emptying * To test if these beverages have any effect on blood glucose. * To test the acceptability and palpability of semi-skimmed milk, whey permeate, and water in primary school-aged children. Participants will: * Take part in three four days (one for each beverage, and a 'low dose' trial, whereby participants will only consume 150ml of the water trial) * Study day will take part between 9:00AM-12:30PM * Participants will also record their food and fluid consumption the day before and consume a standardised breakfast before each trial. * The beverage hydration index will be calculated as the mass of urine collected following control (water) consumption divided by the mass of urine collected following treatment. * Blood and urine samples will be taken to measure hydration * Breath samples will be taken for gastric emptying rate * COMPASS (Computerised Mental Performance Assessment System), fNIRS (Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy) and visual analogue scales (VAS) measures will be obtained to assess cognition/mood * An ad libitum pasta meal will be consumed after the trial to measure appetite, along with blood glucose and further VAS to measure self reported hunger and fullness. * A focus group will be held following completion of all three beverage trials, to gather participants opinion of each drink.
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Purpose
BASIC_SCIENCE
Masking
SINGLE
Enrollment
13
Participants will receive 600ml water with a strawberry flavour, in four equal aliquots across 30 minutes (150ml every 7.5minutes)
Participants will receive 600ml semi skimmed milk with a strawberry flavour, in four equal aliquots across 30 minutes (150ml every 7.5minutes)
Participants will receive 600ml whey permeate with a strawberry flavour, in four equal aliquots across 30 minutes (150ml every 7.5minutes)
Participants will receive 150ml water with a strawberry flavour, across 30 minutes
Northumbria University
Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
Beverage Hydration Index
Beverage Hydration index calculated as mass of urine collected following control (water) consumption divided by the mass of urine collected following treatment.
Time frame: 0 minutes after beverage consumption
Beverage Hydration Index
Beverage Hydration index calculated as mass of urine collected following control (water) consumption divided by the mass of urine collected following treatment.
Time frame: 60 minutes after beverage consumption
Beverage Hydration Index
Beverage Hydration index calculated as mass of urine collected following control (water) consumption divided by the mass of urine collected following treatment.
Time frame: 120 minutes after beverage consumption
Net Fluid Balance
Net Fluid balance will be calculated subtracting total urine collected from total liquid consumed
Time frame: 0 minutes after beverage consumption
Net Fluid Balance
Net Fluid balance will be calculated subtracting total urine collected from total liquid consumed
Time frame: 60 minutes after beverage consumption
Net Fluid Balance
Net Fluid balance will be calculated subtracting total urine collected from total liquid consumed
Time frame: 120 minutes after beverage consumption
Urine Osmolality
Urine Osmolality will be measured in milliosmoles per kilogram of water.
Time frame: -30 minutes before beverage consumption
Urine Osmolality
Urine Osmolality will be measured in milliosmoles per kilogram of water.
Time frame: 0 minutes after beverage consumption
Urine Osmolality
Urine Osmolality will be measured in milliosmoles per kilogram of water.
Time frame: 60 minutes after beverage consumption
Urine Osmolality
Urine Osmolality will be measured in milliosmoles per kilogram of water.
Time frame: 120 minutes after beverage consumption
Serum Osmolality
Serum Osmolality will be measured in milliosmoles per kilogram of water.
Time frame: -30 minutes (before beverage consumption)
Serum Osmolality
Serum Osmolality will be measured in milliosmoles per kilogram of water.
Time frame: 0 minutes after beverage consumption
Serum Osmolality
Serum Osmolality will be measured in milliosmoles per kilogram of water.
Time frame: 30 minutes after beverage consumption
Serum Osmolality
Serum Osmolality will be measured in milliosmoles per kilogram of water.
Time frame: 60 minutes after beverage consumption
Serum Osmolality
Serum Osmolality will be measured in milliosmoles per kilogram of water.
Time frame: 120 minutes after beverage consumption
Gastric emptying rate
Test beverages will be infused with 13C-sodium acetate and evaluated using the 13C breath test. Samples will be analysed to determine the ratio of 13CO2 to 12CO2. The change in this ratio from the baseline to post-beverage samples will be expressed as delta over baseline (DOB)
Time frame: -30 minutes (before beverage), 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 105, 120 minutes (after beverage consumption)
Cognitive function
A collection of five cognitive tasks including choice reaction time, simple reaction time, Stroop, Picture recognition and Corsi blocks via Computerised Mental Performance Assessment System (COMPASS)
Time frame: -45 minutes (before beverage consumption)
Cognitive function
A collection of five cognitive tasks including choice reaction time, simple reaction time, Stroop, Picture recognition and Corsi blocks via Computerised Mental Performance Assessment System (COMPASS)
Time frame: 45 minutes (after beverage consumption)
Cognitive function
A collection of five cognitive tasks including choice reaction time, simple reaction time, Stroop, Picture recognition and Corsi blocks via Computerised Mental Performance Assessment System (COMPASS)
Time frame: 105 minutes (after beverage consumption)
Neuroimaging
Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) will monitor changes in the blood oxygenation and blood volume that are related to the human brain function. The headband will be worn whilst participants complete the cognitive tasks.
Time frame: -45 minutes (before beverage consumption)
Neuroimaging
Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) will monitor changes in the blood oxygenation and blood volume that are related to the human brain function. The headband will be worn whilst participants complete the cognitive tasks.
Time frame: 45 minutes (after beverage consumption)
Neuroimaging
Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) will monitor changes in the blood oxygenation and blood volume that are related to the human brain function. The headband will be worn whilst participants complete the cognitive tasks.
Time frame: 105 minutes (after beverage consumption)
Subjective mood and appetite
Mood measured with visual analogue scale (VAS) on 100 mm horizontal lines. Additional VAS will be completed for thirst and appetite. Participants will simply mark a vertical line between the anchored terms, which they feel fittingly, represents how they are feeling at that time. For example, the happiness VAS will have the terms "very happy" printed on the right-hand side of the scale and "very sad" on the left-hand side. The hunger and thirst scales will have 'not hungry or thirsty' printed on the left-hand side and 'very hungry or thirsty' on the right-hand side. A low score will demonstrate that the child had put a mark at the 'not' end of the scale, a high score would show that the child had put a mark at the 'very' end of the scale.
Time frame: -30 minutes (before beverage consumption), 0, 45, 105, 120 and 150minutes (after beverage consumption)
Subjective beverage acceptability
Subjective beverage palatability and acceptability measured with visual analogue scale (VAS) on 100 mm horizontal lines. Participants will simply mark a vertical line between the anchored terms, which they feel fittingly, represents how they are feeling at that time. The participants will score terms "sour, sweet, salty, taste, hydrating, stomach bloating, drink again". The score of 0 will indicate they dislike and the score of 100 will indicate they like the beverages.
Time frame: 0 minutes (immediately after beverage consumption)
Ad libitum pasta meal
Lunchtime food intake will be assessed from a standardised pasta meal offered ad libitum. Energy intake will be calculated based on the amount consumed and the nutritional information provided Nutritics. The meal will be weighed before and immediately after the participant finished eating.
Time frame: 120-150 minutes (after beverage consumption)
Blood glucose
Blood glucose concentrations will be measured instantly using the glucose oxidase method with an automated glucose analyser
Time frame: At -30, 0, 60, 120, 150 minutes (before after the ad-libitum lunch meal)
Focus group
After all participants have completed their trials, a focus group will be held to gather the children's options on the drinks.
Time frame: Following completion of all beverage trials, an average of 8 weeks
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