The aim of this observational study was to learn about the characteristics of dysfunctional breathing in individuals with thoracic outlet syndrome. The main question to be answered is: Is there a dysfunctional breathing pattern in individuals with Thoracic outlet syndrome? These features will be compared with a healthy control group to evaluate the association of Thoracic outlet syndrome with dysfunctional breathing
Study Type
OBSERVATIONAL
Enrollment
54
Hacettepe University
Ankara, Altındağ, Turkey (Türkiye)
RECRUITINGNijmegen Questionnaire
A cut-off score of ≥20 in Nijmegen will be used to define dysfunctional breathing. The minimum score is 0 and the maximum score is 60 points. Higher scores mean worse outcome.
Time frame: Day 1
End tidal CO2
A standard value of \<35 mmHg will be used as the cut-off point for dysfunction
Time frame: Day 1
Manual Assessment of Respiratory Motion
This technique is used to assess and measure the distribution of respiratory movement between the upper and lower parts of the rib cage and abdomen
Time frame: 5 minutes
Forced Vital Capacity (FVC)
Forced Vital Capacity (FVC) will be done with a spirometer according to the American Thoracic Society and European Respiratory Society criteria. The total amount of air (L) that can be forced out after taking a deep breath will be recorded. Measures lung capacity.
Time frame: Day 1
Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 second (FEV1)
Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 second (FEV1) will be done with a spirometer according to the American Thoracic Society and European Respiratory Society criteria. The amount of air (L) a person can forcefully expel in the first second of a breath will be recorded
Time frame: Day 1
FEV1/FVC Ratio
The percentage of the ratio of FEV1 to FVC will be calculated and recorded
Time frame: Day 1
Forced Expiratory Flow 25-75% (FEF25-75)
Forced Expiratory Flow 25-75% (FEF25-75%) will be assessed with a spirometer according to American Thoracic Society and European Respiratory Society criteria. The air flow rate (L/s) during the middle part of the exhalation (25%-75%) will be recorded.
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Time frame: Day 1
Peak Expiratory Flow (PEF)
Peak Expiratory Flow (PEF) will be assessed with a spirometer according to American Thoracic Society and European Respiratory Society criteria. The highest flow rate (L/s) achieved during a forceful exhalation will be recorded.
Time frame: Day 1
Breath Holding at Functional Residual Capasity
If the duration is less than 25 seconds, it is considered as possible dysfunctional breathing
Time frame: 5 minutes
Breath Holding at Total Lung Capacity
If the duration is less than 35 seconds, it is considered as possible dysfunctional breathing
Time frame: 5 minutes
Pain severity
Visual analog scale (VAS) will be used in the assessment.Individuals' pain at rest, during activity and at night will be assessed on a scale of 0-10.Minimum score is 0 and maximum score is 10 Higher scores mean a worse outcome.
Time frame: 5 minutes
Pain treshold
For the assessment of pain threshold, the minimum pressure value that causes pain or discomfort will be recorded
Time frame: 10 minutes
Pain tolerance
the maximum tolerated pressure value will be recorded in the assessment of pain tolerance
Time frame: 10 minutes
Beck Anxiety Scale
The scale has 21 questions. The questions will be answered by selecting one of four options: none, mild, moderate and severe. 8-15 points will be categorized as mild anxiety symptoms, 16-25 points as moderate anxiety symptoms, 26 - 63 points as severe anxiety symptoms. the maximum score of the scale is 63
Time frame: 5 minutes
EQ-5D-5L General Quality of Life Scale
The scale has two parts. The first section has five sub-scales: movement, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort and anxiety/depression. The answers given in each section have 5 options; "no problem", "mild problem", "moderate problem", "severe problem" and "extreme problem". In the second section, individuals give a value between 0 and 100 about their current health status.
Time frame: 5 minutes
Type D Personality Scale
It consists of a total of 14 items and two subscales measuring negative affectivity and social inhibition. Each item is scored on a 0-4 scale. The cut-off point of the two subscales is ≥ 10.
Time frame: 5 minutes