Effect of Vegan Diet on Microbiome and Metabolism

Inclusion Criteria: healthe Participants, ages 20-30 years old Exclusion Criteria: 1. Oral antibiotic use or acute/chronic inflammation within the past 3 months; 2. Hormone intake within the past 3 months; 3. Use of any known interfering medications (e.g., insulin, glibenclamide, indomethacin, phentolamine, furosemide, phenytoin sodium, cortisone, etc.) or probiotics within the past month that may affect glucose or lipid metabolism; 4. Smoking or alcohol consumption; 5. Uncontrolled mental disorders (including a history of psychiatric hospitalization); 6. Currently participating in a weight loss or weight management program; 7. Following a special or medically prescribed diet (e.g., for celiac disease); 8. Comorbid cardiac or renal insufficiency; 9. Chronic constipation; 10. Hypertension; 11. Diabetes mellitus.