The Effect of Motor Imagery on Preventing Volleyball Players During Jumping and Landing

Aydan Niziplioğlu30 enrolled

Overview

Although the effectiveness of motor imagery in improving performance in sports is known, there is no research on its preventive role against injuries. the primary aim of this study is to investigate the effect of motor imagery on improving risk factors related to jumps and falls in volleyball players. The secondary aim of this study is to investigate the effect of motor imagery on cortical functions.

The nature of volleyball includes serving, blocking, and/or spiking, which require players to jump frequently. This high demand on the lower extremity causes high injury rates: approximately 58.7% of all injuries involve lower extremities, among which 51.8% are non-contact injuries . The knee accounts for 58% of lower extremity injuries -15.2% of which involve ACL- while 25.9% affect the ankle, including ligament injuries, sprains, and strains . These high injury rates cause players to lose game-time, 4.49 per 1000 hours for competition and 3.43 per 1000 hours for practice hours and cause their clubs to lose money . Most studies in the literature focused on ACL injuries and they reported numerous risk factors, such as anatomic, hormonal, biomechanical, and unanticipated. Of these biomechanical risk factors, increased anterior tibial shear force, decreased knee flexion while landing, increased knee valgus, knee and hip internal rotation, and hip adduction were reported as the most important. These joint angle errors are reported to be the cause of 47.5% of the knee injuries in volleyball during jumping and falling . Also, altered kinetics in landing are suggested to potentially increase risk for ankle recurrent injury . Recent studies have identified core and joint stabilization, stretching, strengthening, balance, mobilization, and flexibility exercises as a pivotal factor in preventing knee injuries in volleyball . In addition to these training programs, which help promote safer landing mechanics, training proper landing is also beneficial in injury prevention both for knee injuries and for ankle injuries. Motor imagery (MI) is a contemporary method defined as a mental simulation of an action that is not actually performed . There are multiple brain areas, mostly motor areas, accepted to be involved in MI, but there is little evidence explaining the underlying mechanisms. Especially, the prefrontal cortex, involved in executive functions, is shown to be activated during MI tasks, but their interaction are not fully defined . MI has been described as a promising technique to facilitate the learning and improvement of motor skills in sports, education, and rehabilitation areas involving physical applications. Although the effectiveness of motor imagery in improving performance and learning new motor skills in sports is known, there is no research on its preventive role against injuries. The primary aim of this study was to investigate the effect of motor imagery on improving injury-causing factors related to jumps and falls in volleyball players. The secondary aim of this study was to investigate the effect of motor imagery on cortical functions.

Study Type

INTERVENTIONAL

Allocation

RANDOMIZED

Purpose

PREVENTION

Masking

SINGLE

Enrollment

Conditions

Motor Imagery

Interventions

motor imageryOTHER

The researcher will explain to the players what MI is and how it works. Following the explanation, players will seated in a comfortable armchair facing the researcher, will ask to minimize distracting thoughts, and to be as mindful as possible without speaking for five minutes, and to imagine themselves executing the correct angles during a landing.

Eligibility

Sex: ALLMin age: 15 YearsMax age: 25 YearsHealthy volunteers:

Medical Language ↔ Plain English

Inclusion Criteria: * To be between the ages of 15 and 25, * Not have an injury that affects the player's training program * Play regularly for a professional team. Exclusion Criteria: * had lower extremity injury in the last two months * who had been diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Locations (1)

Fizyoostea

Gaziantep, Gaziantep, Turkey (Türkiye)

Outcomes

Primary Outcomes

Kinematic Analysis: Change in Hip Flexion During Initial Contact. Baseline and 12 Weeks

The flexion angles of the hip, knee, and dorsiflexion of the ankle during jumping and landing will evaluated with the 'Dartfish Analysis System' as degree.This software possesses simultaneous recording and measurement capabilities and is compatible with mobile phones for installation. This software is employed as a clinical instrument to measure movement amplitude and velocity, biaxial spatial coordinates, and joint angles throughout movement in the volleyball players. Unilateral measurements were used. During video recording, athletes turned to their left sides, and measurements were taken from the left side. The study aimed to report a change from the baseline value.

Time frame: From baseline to the end of training at 12 weeks

Kinematic Analysis: Change in Knee Flexion During Initial Contact.Baseline and 12 Weeks

The flexion angles of the hip, knee, and dorsiflexion of the ankle during jumping and landing will evaluated with the 'Dartfish Analysis System' as degree.This software possesses simultaneous recording and measurement capabilities and is compatible with mobile phones for installation. This software is employed as a clinical instrument to measure movement amplitude and velocity, biaxial spatial coordinates, and joint angles throughout movement in the volleyball players.Unilateral measurement was used. During video recording, the athletes turned to their left side, and measurements were taken from the left side. The study aimed to report a change from the baseline value. This was calculated by subtracting the baseline value from the value at week 12.

Time frame: From baseline to the end of training at 12 weeks

Kinematic Analysis: Change in Right Knee Varus Degree During Initial Contact. Baseline and 12 Weeks

The flexion angles of the hip, knee, and dorsiflexion of the ankle during jumping and landing will evaluated with the 'Dartfish Analysis System' as degree.This software possesses simultaneous recording and measurement capabilities and is compatible with mobile phones for installation. This software is employed as a clinical instrument to measure movement amplitude and velocity, biaxial spatial coordinates, and joint angles throughout movement in the volleyball players.Knee varus angle was measured separately for the right and left sides in a frontal view. The study aimed to report a change from the baseline value. The baseline and 12-week values were taken. The 12-week value was subtracted from the baseline value to calculate the varus angle.

Data from ClinicalTrials.gov

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Secondary Outcomes

Change in Cognitive Functions - Neurocognition Index. Baseline and 12. Weeks

The Computerized Neurocognitive Tests Vital Sign (CNSVS) test consists of 10 standardized neurocognitive tests: verbal memory test, visual memory test, finger tapping test, symbol digit coding test, stroop test (simple reaction test, complex reaction test, and stroop effect), shifting attention test, continuous performance test, perception of emotions test, non-verbal reasoning test, and 4-part continuous performance test. value at 12 weeks minus value at baseline). Neurcognition index is calculated by average of all sub-scores. A score greater than 109 indicates a high-functioning test subject; a score of 90-109 indicates normal function; a score of 80-89 indicates a slight deficit; a score of 70-79 indicates a moderate level of deficit or impairment; a score less than 70 indicates a deficit and impairment. The score scale is theoretically unbounded (from - to + infinity) due to its norm-referenced z-score basis.

Time frame: From baseline to the end of training at 12 weeks

Change in Cognitive Functions - Composite Memory. Beseline and 12. Weeks

The Computerized Neurocognitive Tests Vital Sign (CNSVS) test consists of 10 standardized neurocognitive tests: verbal memory test, visual memory test, finger tapping test, symbol digit coding test, stroop test (simple reaction test, complex reaction test, and stroop effect), shifting attention test, continuous performance test, perception of emotions test, non-verbal reasoning test, and 4-part continuous performance test. Calculated by value at 12 weeks minus value at baseline). A score greater than 109 indicates a high-functioning test subject; a score of 90-109 indicates normal function; a score of 80-89 indicates a slight deficit; a score of 70-79 indicates a moderate level of deficit or impairment; a score less than 70 indicates a deficit and impairment. The score scale is theoretically unbounded (from - to + infinity) due to its norm-referenced z-score basis, but in practice operates within effective minimum and maximum limits imposed by the normative data and scoring algoritihm

Time frame: From baseline to the end of training at 12 weeks

Change in Cognitive Functions - Verbal Memory. Baseline and 12. Weeks

The Computerized Neurocognitive Tests Vital Sign (CNSVS) test consists of 10 standardized neurocognitive tests: verbal memory test, visual memory test, finger tapping test, symbol digit coding test, stroop test (simple reaction test, complex reaction test, and stroop effect), shifting attention test, continuous performance test, perception of emotions test, non-verbal reasoning test, and 4-part continuous performance test. Calculated by value at 12 weeks minus value at baseline). A score greater than 109 indicates a high-functioning test subject; a score of 90-109 indicates normal function; a score of 80-89 indicates a slight deficit; a score of 70-79 indicates a moderate level of deficit or impairment; a score less than 70 indicates a deficit and impairment. The score scale is theoretically unbounded (from - to + infinity) due to its norm-referenced z-score basis, but in practice operates within effective minimum and maximum limits imposed by the normative data and scoring algoritihm

Time frame: From baseline to the end of training at 12 weeks

Change in Cognitive Functions - Visual Memory. Baseline and 12. Weeks

The Computerized Neurocognitive Tests Vital Sign (CNSVS) test consists of 10 standardized neurocognitive tests: verbal memory test, visual memory test, finger tapping test, symbol digit coding test, stroop test (simple reaction test, complex reaction test, and stroop effect), shifting attention test, continuous performance test, perception of emotions test, non-verbal reasoning test, and 4-part continuous performance test. Calculated by value at 12 weeks minus value at baseline). A score greater than 109 indicates a high-functioning test subject; a score of 90-109 indicates normal function; a score of 80-89 indicates a slight deficit; a score of 70-79 indicates a moderate level of deficit or impairment; a score less than 70 indicates a deficit and impairment. The score scale is theoretically unbounded (from - to + infinity) due to its norm-referenced z-score basis, but in practice operates within effective minimum and maximum limits imposed by the normative data and scoring algoritihm

Time frame: From baseline to the end of training at 12 weeks

Change in Cognitive Functions - Psychomotor Speed. Baseline and 12. Weeks

The Computerized Neurocognitive Tests Vital Sign (CNSVS) test consists of 10 standardized neurocognitive tests: verbal memory test, visual memory test, finger tapping test, symbol digit coding test, stroop test (simple reaction test, complex reaction test, and stroop effect), shifting attention test, continuous performance test, perception of emotions test, non-verbal reasoning test, and 4-part continuous performance test. Calculated by value at 12 weeks minus value at baseline). A score greater than 109 indicates a high-functioning test subject; a score of 90-109 indicates normal function; a score of 80-89 indicates a slight deficit; a score of 70-79 indicates a moderate level of deficit or impairment; a score less than 70 indicates a deficit and impairment. The score scale is theoretically unbounded (from - to + infinity) due to its norm-referenced z-score basis, but in practice operates within effective minimum and maximum limits imposed by the normative data and scoring algoritihm

Time frame: From baseline to the end of training at 12 weeks

Change in Cognitive Functions - Reaction Time. Baseline and 12. Weeks

The Computerized Neurocognitive Tests Vital Sign (CNSVS) test consists of 10 standardized neurocognitive tests: verbal memory test, visual memory test, finger tapping test, symbol digit coding test, stroop test (simple reaction test, complex reaction test, and stroop effect), shifting attention test, continuous performance test, perception of emotions test, non-verbal reasoning test, and 4-part continuous performance test. Calculated by value at 12 weeks minus value at baseline). A score greater than 109 indicates a high-functioning test subject; a score of 90-109 indicates normal function; a score of 80-89 indicates a slight deficit; a score of 70-79 indicates a moderate level of deficit or impairment; a score less than 70 indicates a deficit and impairment. The score scale is theoretically unbounded (from - to + infinity) due to its norm-referenced z-score basis, but in practice operates within effective minimum and maximum limits imposed by the normative data and scoring algoritihm

Time frame: From baseline to the end of training at 12 weeks

Change in Cognitive Functions - Complex Attention. Baseline and 12. Weeks

The Computerized Neurocognitive Tests Vital Sign (CNSVS) test consists of 10 standardized neurocognitive tests: verbal memory test, visual memory test, finger tapping test, symbol digit coding test, stroop test (simple reaction test, complex reaction test, and stroop effect), shifting attention test, continuous performance test, perception of emotions test, non-verbal reasoning test, and 4-part continuous performance test. Calculated by value at 12 weeks minus value at baseline). A score greater than 109 indicates a high-functioning test subject; a score of 90-109 indicates normal function; a score of 80-89 indicates a slight deficit; a score of 70-79 indicates a moderate level of deficit or impairment; a score less than 70 indicates a deficit and impairment. The score scale is theoretically unbounded (from - to + infinity) due to its norm-referenced z-score basis, but in practice operates within effective minimum and maximum limits imposed by the normative data and scoring algoritihm

Time frame: From baseline to the end of training at 12 weeks

Change in Cognitive Functions - Cognitive Flexibility. Baseline and 12. Weeks.

The Computerized Neurocognitive Tests Vital Sign (CNSVS) test consists of 10 standardized neurocognitive tests: verbal memory test, visual memory test, finger tapping test, symbol digit coding test, stroop test (simple reaction test, complex reaction test, and stroop effect), shifting attention test, continuous performance test, perception of emotions test, non-verbal reasoning test, and 4-part continuous performance test. Calculated by value at 12 weeks minus value at baseline). A score greater than 109 indicates a high-functioning test subject; a score of 90-109 indicates normal function; a score of 80-89 indicates a slight deficit; a score of 70-79 indicates a moderate level of deficit or impairment; a score less than 70 indicates a deficit and impairment. The score scale is theoretically unbounded (from - to + infinity) due to its norm-referenced z-score basis, but in practice operates within effective minimum and maximum limits imposed by the normative data and scoring algoritihm

Time frame: From baseline to the end of training at 12 weeks

Change in Cognitive Functions - Processing Speed. Baseline and 12. Weeks

The Computerized Neurocognitive Tests Vital Sign (CNSVS) test consists of 10 standardized neurocognitive tests: verbal memory test, visual memory test, finger tapping test, symbol digit coding test, stroop test (simple reaction test, complex reaction test, and stroop effect), shifting attention test, continuous performance test, perception of emotions test, non-verbal reasoning test, and 4-part continuous performance test. Calculated by value at 12 weeks minus value at baseline). A score greater than 109 indicates a high-functioning test subject; a score of 90-109 indicates normal function; a score of 80-89 indicates a slight deficit; a score of 70-79 indicates a moderate level of deficit or impairment; a score less than 70 indicates a deficit and impairment. The score scale is theoretically unbounded (from - to + infinity) due to its norm-referenced z-score basis, but in practice operates within effective minimum and maximum limits imposed by the normative data and scoring algoritihm

Time frame: From baseline to the end of training at 12 weeks

Change in Cognitive Functions - Executive Function. Baseline and 12. Weeks

The Computerized Neurocognitive Tests Vital Sign (CNSVS) test consists of 10 standardized neurocognitive tests: verbal memory test, visual memory test, finger tapping test, symbol digit coding test, stroop test (simple reaction test, complex reaction test, and stroop effect), shifting attention test, continuous performance test, perception of emotions test, non-verbal reasoning test, and 4-part continuous performance test. Calculated by value at 12 weeks minus value at baseline). A score greater than 109 indicates a high-functioning test subject; a score of 90-109 indicates normal function; a score of 80-89 indicates a slight deficit; a score of 70-79 indicates a moderate level of deficit or impairment; a score less than 70 indicates a deficit and impairment. The score scale is theoretically unbounded (from - to + infinity) due to its norm-referenced z-score basis, but in practice operates within effective minimum and maximum limits imposed by the normative data and scoring algoritihm

Time frame: From baseline to the end of training at 12 weeks

Change in Cognitive Functions - Social Acuity. Baseline and 12. Weeks

The Computerized Neurocognitive Tests Vital Sign (CNSVS) test consists of 10 standardized neurocognitive tests: verbal memory test, visual memory test, finger tapping test, symbol digit coding test, stroop test (simple reaction test, complex reaction test, and stroop effect), shifting attention test, continuous performance test, perception of emotions test, non-verbal reasoning test, and 4-part continuous performance test. Calculated by value at 12 weeks minus value at baseline). A score greater than 109 indicates a high-functioning test subject; a score of 90-109 indicates normal function; a score of 80-89 indicates a slight deficit; a score of 70-79 indicates a moderate level of deficit or impairment; a score less than 70 indicates a deficit and impairment. The score scale is theoretically unbounded (from - to + infinity) due to its norm-referenced z-score basis, but in practice operates within effective minimum and maximum limits imposed by the normative data and scoring algoritihm

Time frame: From baseline to the end of training at 12 weeks

Change in Cognitive Functions - Reasoning. Baseline and 12. Weeks

The Computerized Neurocognitive Tests Vital Sign (CNSVS) test consists of 10 standardized neurocognitive tests: verbal memory test, visual memory test, finger tapping test, symbol digit coding test, stroop test (simple reaction test, complex reaction test, and stroop effect), shifting attention test, continuous performance test, perception of emotions test, non-verbal reasoning test, and 4-part continuous performance test. Calculated by value at 12 weeks minus value at baseline). A score greater than 109 indicates a high-functioning test subject; a score of 90-109 indicates normal function; a score of 80-89 indicates a slight deficit; a score of 70-79 indicates a moderate level of deficit or impairment; a score less than 70 indicates a deficit and impairment. The score scale is theoretically unbounded (from - to + infinity) due to its norm-referenced z-score basis, but in practice operates within effective minimum and maximum limits imposed by the normative data and scoring algoritihm

Time frame: From baseline to the end of training at 12 weeks

Change in Cognitive Functions - Working Memory. Baseline and 12. Weeks

The Computerized Neurocognitive Tests Vital Sign (CNSVS) test consists of 10 standardized neurocognitive tests: verbal memory test, visual memory test, finger tapping test, symbol digit coding test, stroop test (simple reaction test, complex reaction test, and stroop effect), shifting attention test, continuous performance test, perception of emotions test, non-verbal reasoning test, and 4-part continuous performance test. Calculated by value at 12 weeks minus value at baseline). A score greater than 109 indicates a high-functioning test subject; a score of 90-109 indicates normal function; a score of 80-89 indicates a slight deficit; a score of 70-79 indicates a moderate level of deficit or impairment; a score less than 70 indicates a deficit and impairment. The score scale is theoretically unbounded (from - to + infinity) due to its norm-referenced z-score basis, but in practice operates within effective minimum and maximum limits imposed by the normative data and scoring algoritihm

Time frame: From baseline to the end of training at 12 weeks

Change in Cognitive Functions - Sustained Attention. Baseline and 12. Weeks

The Computerized Neurocognitive Tests Vital Sign (CNSVS) test consists of 10 standardized neurocognitive tests: verbal memory test, visual memory test, finger tapping test, symbol digit coding test, stroop test (simple reaction test, complex reaction test, and stroop effect), shifting attention test, continuous performance test, perception of emotions test, non-verbal reasoning test, and 4-part continuous performance test. Calculated by value at 12 weeks minus value at baseline). A score greater than 109 indicates a high-functioning test subject; a score of 90-109 indicates normal function; a score of 80-89 indicates a slight deficit; a score of 70-79 indicates a moderate level of deficit or impairment; a score less than 70 indicates a deficit and impairment. The score scale is theoretically unbounded (from - to + infinity) due to its norm-referenced z-score basis, but in practice operates within effective minimum and maximum limits imposed by the normative data and scoring algoritihm

Time frame: From baseline to the end of training at 12 weeks

Change in Cognitive Functions - Simple Attention. Baseline and 12. Weeks

The Computerized Neurocognitive Tests Vital Sign (CNSVS) test consists of 10 standardized neurocognitive tests: verbal memory test, visual memory test, finger tapping test, symbol digit coding test, stroop test (simple reaction test, complex reaction test, and stroop effect), shifting attention test, continuous performance test, perception of emotions test, non-verbal reasoning test, and 4-part continuous performance test. Calculated by value at 12 weeks minus value at baseline). A score greater than 109 indicates a high-functioning test subject; a score of 90-109 indicates normal function; a score of 80-89 indicates a slight deficit; a score of 70-79 indicates a moderate level of deficit or impairment; a score less than 70 indicates a deficit and impairment. The score scale is theoretically unbounded (from - to + infinity) due to its norm-referenced z-score basis, but in practice operates within effective minimum and maximum limits imposed by the normative data and scoring algoritihm

Time frame: From baseline to the end of training at 12 weeks

Change in Cognitive Functions - Motor Speed. Baseline and 12. Weeks

The Computerized Neurocognitive Tests Vital Sign (CNSVS) test consists of 10 standardized neurocognitive tests: verbal memory test, visual memory test, finger tapping test, symbol digit coding test, stroop test (simple reaction test, complex reaction test, and stroop effect), shifting attention test, continuous performance test, perception of emotions test, non-verbal reasoning test, and 4-part continuous performance test. Calculated by value at 12 weeks minus value at baseline). A score greater than 109 indicates a high-functioning test subject; a score of 90-109 indicates normal function; a score of 80-89 indicates a slight deficit; a score of 70-79 indicates a moderate level of deficit or impairment; a score less than 70 indicates a deficit and impairment. The score scale is theoretically unbounded (from - to + infinity) due to its norm-referenced z-score basis, but in practice operates within effective minimum and maximum limits imposed by the normative data and scoring algoritihm

Time frame: From baseline to the end of training at 12 weeks