The goal of this observational study is to learn about the status quo and relationship of dry eye, problematic smartphone use, bedtime procrastination, and sleep in adolescents and young adults. The main questions it aims to answer are: * Is there a positive correlation between problematic smartphone use and dry eye? * Is problematic smartphone use positively correlated with bedtime procrastination? * Is bedtime procrastination negatively correlated with sleep quality? * Is there a negative correlation between sleep quality and dry eye? * Is there a negative correlation between problematic smartphone use and sleep quality? * Is there a positive correlation between bedtime procrastination and dry eye? * Do bedtime procrastination and sleep quality serve as mediating factors in the relationship of problematic smartphone use and dry eye? Participants will be asked to complete several questionnaires and dry eye related examinations.
Study Type
OBSERVATIONAL
Enrollment
453
Sun Yat-sen University
Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
Dry eye symptoms
Ocular Surface Disease Index scale with 12-item will be used to measure dry eye symptoms. The scale uses Likert 5 comments, with a total score ranging from 0 to 100. And the total score reaching or exceeding 13 points indicates that participants exhibit symptoms of dry eye.
Time frame: baseline
Problematic smartphone use
The 10-item Smartphone Addiction Scale Short Version will be used to measure the problematic smartphone use. The scale uses Likert 6 comments, with a total score ranging from 10 to 60. And higher scores indicate more severe problematic smartphone use.
Time frame: baseline
sleep quality
The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index scale is used to measure participants' sleep quality. The total score ranges from 0 to 21. Higher scores indicate lower quality of sleep.
Time frame: baseline
bedtime procrastination
There are 9 items in the Bedtime Procrastination Scale, which is used to measure participants' bedtime procrastination. The scale uses 5-point scale, with a total score ranging from 9 to 45. And higher scores indicate more severe procrastination before sleep.
Time frame: baseline
Perceived level of stress
The 14-item Chinese Perceived Stress Scale will be used to measure the perceived level of stress among adolescents and young adults. The scale uses Likert 5 comments, with a total score ranging from 0 to 56. And higher scores indicate a greater pressure that individuals feel in their daily lives.
Time frame: baseline
non-invasive tear film break-up time
Non-invasive tear film break-up time is measured by Oculus Keratograph 5M. A cut-off value of less than or equal to 10 s has been reported to be indicative of DED.
Time frame: baseline
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