This study aimed to examine the impact of long-term smoking on dry eye parameters and retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in individuals who are chronic smokers.
Dry eye disease (DED) is a multifaceted disorder of the ocular surface characterized by instability of the tear film, which subsequently leads to symptoms such as ocular discomfort, visual disturbances, and potential damage to the surface of the eye. Cigarette smoking has been recognized as a possible contributing factor to the development of DED, with various reports suggesting that it may alter tear film composition and stability, leading to ocular surface damage. Chronic smoking can lead to oxidative stress, vascular dysfunction, and inflammation, which may contribute to retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thinning and optic nerve damage.
Study Type
OBSERVATIONAL
Enrollment
50
Dry eye assessment was performed using the Mediworks Dry Eye Diagnostic System.
Cairo University
Cairo, Egypt
Non-invasive tear film breakup time
Non-invasive tear film breakup time (NIBUT) was automatically analyzed using artificial intelligence, with results classified as Grade 0 (normal, first rupture time \>10s), Grade 1 (warning, 6- 9s), or Grade 2 (dry eye, ≤5s)
Time frame: During examination (Baseline)
Tear meniscus height
Tear meniscus height (TMH) values above 0.2mm were considered healthy, while lipid layer thickness was graded from 1 (\<30nm) to 4 (\>80nm).
Time frame: During examination (Baseline)
Lipid layer thickness
Lipid layer thickness was graded from 1 (\<30nm) to 4 (\>80nm).
Time frame: During examination (Baseline)
Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) score
The ocular surface disease index (OSDI) score was categorized as normal (≤12), mild (13-22), moderate (23-32), or severe (≥33).
Time frame: During examination (Baseline)
Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness
Retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness was measured using Fourier-domain OCT Optovue RTVue (Optovue Inc., Fremont, CA, USA).
Time frame: During examination (Baseline)
Correlations between dry eye parameters and Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) score
Correlations between dry eye parameters and Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) score was assessed.
Time frame: During examination (Baseline)
Correlations between dry eye parameters and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness in both groups
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Correlations between dry eye parameters and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness in both groups was assessed.
Time frame: During examination (Baseline)