Comparison Between Extended Cryoablation, Standard Cryoablation, and Radiofrequency Ablation

Inclusion Criteria: * Patients aged between 18-80 years * Patients with persistent (≥7 days) AF documented on 12-lead ECG or Holter monitoring. * AF refractory/intolerant to class I or III antiarrhythmic drugs * Able and willing to provide written informed consent to CB or RF ablation and participation in this investigation Exclusion Criteria: * Age \<18 years old or \>80 years old * Paroxysmal AF lasting \<7 days * Mitral stenosis or mechanical prosthetic valve * Patients with left atrial size ≥ 50 mm (2D echocardiography, Anterior-posterior diameter in parasternal long axis view) * Anatomy of pulmonary vein not suitable for standard CB or extended CB, including common ostium or ostium size \> 26mm * Pregnant woman of childbearing age with a positive pregnancy test before treatment * Presence of atrial septal defect or patent foramen ovale closure device * Presence of intracardiac thrombus * Contraindications to the systemic anticoagulation * NYHA functional class IV heart failure * Prior catheter or surgical ablation of AF * Acute coronary syndrome within 3 months * Planned open heart surgery within 3 months * Prior open-heart surgery within 3 months * End stage renal disease or chronic kidney disease (estimated glomerular filtration rate \[MDRD method\] \< 30mL/min/1.73m²) * Life expectancy less than 1 year.