Study the Diagnostic and Therapeutic Role of Flexible Bronchoscopy in the Patients Attending Assuit University Children Hospita

Overview

Bronchoscopyhasbeenutilizedinchildrenforlongforthediagnosisofairwayabnormalitiesand obtainingbronchoalveolarlavage.Thoughtherehasbeenrapidgrowthofbronchoscopic interventionsinadultpatients,useinchildrenhasbeenlimited.Newerbronchoscopictechnologies andinstrumentsarefocussedlargelyonadultpatients.Riskofsedationandsmallairwaysizealso havebeenlimitingfactors.Butrecentadvancesinequipmentsintheformofhinnerbronchoscopes withworkingchannelsandthinnerinstrumentshavefacilitatedbronchoscopicinterventionsin children.(1) Pediatricflexiblelaryngotrachealbronchoscopy(FB)isahighlyversatileandeffectivediagnostic andtherapeutictoolwithanimportantroleinpediatricrespiratorymedicine. Itwasfirstdescribedin 1968andappliedinthepediatricpopulation10yearslater.(2,3,4) Nowadays,FBisanintegralpartofthemaagementofneonates, infants,andchildrenwithvarious lungandairwaydiseases. InternationalrecommendationsonpediatricFBhavebeenpublishedby theEuropeanRespiratorySociety(ERS)andtheAmericanThoracicSocietyanddescribethe indications,thefacilities,andequipmentneededfortheprocedure,careoftheinstrumentsinvolved, techniques,andsuggestionsforsedationandpatientmanagement.(5-7) FBcanbeperformedfordiagnosticand/ortherapeuticpurposes.Itenablesanassessmentofthe airway'sanatomicalfeaturesandthecollectionofsamplesfromthedistalairways(bronchoalveolar lavage\[BAL\],bronchialbrushing,bronchialbiopsy)forpathologicalandmicrobiological examination.IndicationsfordiagnosticFB includestridor,persistent/re-currentwheezing,chronic cough(productiveorotherwise),recurrentpneumonia,suspectedforeignbodyaspiration, hemoptysisandpulmonaryhemorrhage,suspectedstructuralanomaliesorendobronchial lesions, radiographicabnormalities(atelectasis,recurrent/persistentconsolidations,atypicalandunknown infiltrates, localizedhyperinflation),monitoringoflungallograftorartificialairway,andobstructive sleepapnea)6,7). IndicationsfortherapeuticFB includerestoringairwaypatencyincasesofmucusplugsorblood clots,treatingalveolarfillingdisorders(alveolarproteinosisandlipidpneumonia),controlling hemorrhage,dilatingastenoticairway,andbronchoscopicintubation.(7) Theneedforgeneralanaesthesiainthesepatientsincreasestheproblemsofairwaybecauseof theneedtoshareanalreadycompromisedairwaywiththeendoscopist.Asimpleandsafemethod isdescribed.Generalanaesthesiaisinducedeitherbyintravenousorinhalationtechnique The childbreathesspontaneouslyviaamaskwithahighinspiredoxygenconcentrationandhalothane a$thecordsaresprayedwithlignocaine.TheBodaisuction-safeswivel-Yconnector(Sontek MedicalInc.CatalogNo:SMI-1002)isaversatileplasticadapterwithstandard15mmfittingswhich sitswellbetweentheRendellBaker-SoucekmaskandtheAyre'sT-piece.(8,9) toevaluatetheindications\&thefindingandtheadverseeventsofflexiblebronchoscopyat pediatric bronchoscopyunitatassuituniversitychildrenhospital