This research aims to compare conventional and non-conventional cardiovascular risk factors and their association with Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS). Conventional risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, smoking, and family history are well-established contributors to ACS. However, emerging non-conventional risk factors-including elevated inflammatory markers , homocysteine levels, lipoprotein(a), psychological stress, and lifestyle factors-are gaining attention for their potential role in cardiovascular events.
The study will involve a cross-sectional analysis of ACS patients, examining the prevalence and impact of both types of risk factors. By assessing their relative contributions, the study aims to enhance understanding of ACS pathogenesis, identify at-risk populations more accurately, and support more comprehensive prevention strategies. The findings may help broaden clinical risk assessment tools and guide personalized interventions to reduce the incidence of ACS.
Study Type
OBSERVATIONAL
Enrollment
222
Participants in Group 1 will undergo evaluation for conventional cardiovascular risk factors associated with Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS
Participants in Group 2 will be assessed for non-conventional cardiovascular risk factors associated with Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS).
Tertiary care hospital
Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
Structured Smoking Questionnaire
A structured smoking questionnaire is a tool used to assess an individual's smoking habits, level of nicotine dependence, and potential motivations for smoking. These questionnaires typically include questions about cigarette consumption, brand preferences, smoking patterns, and the perceived effects of smoking. nterpretation: Higher scores indicate greater nicotine dependence. Scores: 0-2: Very low dependence 3-4: Low dependence 5: Moderate dependence 6-7: High dependence 8-10: Very high dependence
Time frame: 12 Months
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