Nocturnal Hypoxemia and Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia in OSA Patients

Overview

* Obstructive Sleep apnea (OSA) is a common sleep disorder characterized by frequent partial or complete obstructions of the upper airway during sleep leading to sleep fragmentation and sympathetic activation. * The main pathophysiological findings in OSAS are due to both a dynamic obstruction of the upper airway and the fragmentation of sleep during the night. These issues result in abnormal cycles of hypoxia and re-oxygenation. This disturbance produces transient ischemia of the tissues, a concept known as chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) with clinical implication in several cardiometabolic diseases * Polysomnography (PSG) is considered to be the gold standard for diagnosing sleep-related breathing disorders, which include obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), central sleep apnea, sleep-related hypoventilation disorders, and sleep related hypoxia disorder * Benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) is the most frequent benign neoplasm in aging men and one of the most common chronic conditions in the male population. * Although the pathogenesis of BPH is not yet fully understood, recent evidence indicates the role of chronic inflammation in BPH, CIH which occurred in OSA patient induces systemic inflammatory processes; such chronic inflammatory conditions may contribute to tissue injury, activate cytokines release, increase the concentration of growth factors, and subsequently cause the development of BPH. * To date, little research has focused on the relationship between OSA and BPH, especially the impact of nocturnal hypoxemia , sleep architecture ,hormonal disturbance on BPH . Therefore, the aim of our study is to illuminate association between sleep related hypoxemia and BPH in Patients with OSA

All patients enrolled in the study underwent the following assessment: 1. Full History taking with stress on patient Complaint: Witnessed apneas during sleep. Awakening with choking or gasping sensation Loud habitual Snoring Dry mouth falling asleep during driving or motor vehicle Accidents Frequent nocturia Tiredness and Sleepiness in morning after sleep at night Awakening with a headache. Insomnia 2. Clinical examination: \- General examination: Respiratory rate, O2 saturation, blood pressure, heart rate, lower limb edema, neck vein, thyroid enlargement, any facial deformities. * Anthropometric measurements: • Height (in meters): patients stand up straight, with buttocks, shoulder blades, and heels touching the back of the stadiometer. • Weight (in kilograms) * Body mass index (BMI) is a quantitative metric used to estimate body fat based on an individual's weight relative to height. It is calculated by dividing body weight in kilograms by the square of height in meters (BMI = weight (kg) / height² (m²). * Neck circumference (NC) was measured between the mid-cervical point posteriorly and mid-anterior neck (below the laryngeal prominence). Measurements were taken while the participant was standing upright and looking straight ahead) * Waist circumference: circumferential measurement obtained at the level of the superior iliac crest. * Palatine tonsil size examination • Size 0 (a): no visible tonsillar tissue. • Size 1(b): tonsils are confined within the tonsillar pillars. * Size 2(c): tonsils extended to the level of the pillars. * Size 3(d): tonsils extended beyond the pillars. * Size 4(e): tonsils reach the midline * Friedman tongue position • FTP I: the uvula and tonsils (or pillar) are fully visible • FTP IIa: most of the uvula is visible, but the tonsils/pillar are obscured • FTP IIb: the entire soft palate is visible up to the base of the uvula. • FTP III: only the proximal portion of the soft palate is visible, the distal end is not seen. • FTP IV: only the hard palate is visible, neither the uvula nor the soft palate is seen * Local chest examination: To exclude accompanied pulmonary diseases 3. Laboratory test • Complete blood count (CBC) • Arterial blood gases (ABG) • C-reactive protein (CRP). * Thyroid profile (TSH, T3, T4) * Lipid profile (Cholesterol, Triglyceride, LDL, HDL) * Urine analysis * PSA * Testosterone. * Serum Creatinine. 4. Pelviabdominal us BPH was diagnosed when there is an increase in the volume of the prostate with a calculated volume exceeding 30 mL using the formula (width x height x length x 0.52) 5. Scales \& Questionnaires: All the questionnaires are written in English, but they were translated to Arabic for all patient and the cultural adaptation of the questions were considered. --Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS): The Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) was used to assess the level of daytime sleepiness. In this questionnaire, participants rate their likelihood of falling asleep in various situations using a 4-point scale --Berlin Questionnaire: As part of the initial clinical assessment, the Berlin Questionnaire was administered to evaluate the risk of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). When possible, a family member or bed partner was consulted to confirm the accuracy of responses related to snoring behavior. --STOP-BANG score: The STOP-BANG questionnaire is one of the most widely accepted screening tools for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). --International prostate symptom score: Lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) were assessed using the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), a validated and widely used questionnaire designed to evaluate symptoms related to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). 6. Polysomnography All participants underwent overnight polysomnography using the (SONMO screen plus, SOMNO medics, Germany) . Recordings were performed according to the standard montage recommended by the American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM). Sleep studies were scored and interpreted manually in accordance with the AASM Scoring Manual, Version 3 . Measured variables: \*\*\*Measurement of the following physiologic variables is required during polysomnography (PSG) in accordance with the latest scoring criteria of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM, 2023) • Sleep staging • Airflow * Respiratory effort * Snoring * Oxygen saturation * Electrocardiogram * Limb movements * Body position