SGLT2 Inhibitors and Renal Anemia in Japan: RWD

Inclusion Criteria: 1. Have two consecutive estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) measurements \< 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 at least 92 days apart between April 17, 2014 and October 31, 2022. 2. Aged 18 years or older at the study cohort entry date. 3. Have at least one haemoglobin (Hb) measurement at the study cohort entry date or within 183 days before the study cohort entry date. Exclusion Criteria: 1. Have less than 183 days of record history before the study cohort entry date. 2. Have any prescription record for an SGLT2 inhibitor at the study cohort entry date or within 183 days before the study cohort entry date 3. Have evidence of anemia at the study cohort entry date or within 183 days before the study cohort entry date. * Hemoglobin (Hb) \< 13.0 g/dL for men or \< 12.0 g/dL for women * Hematocrit (Ht) \< 39% for men or \< 36% for women * Have a history of prescribed anemia-related medications and treatments at the study cohort entry date or within 183 days before the study cohort entry date. 4. Have evidence of anemia-causing conditions other than chronic kidney disease (CKD) at the study cohort entry date or within 183 days before the study cohort entry date. 5. Confirm at least one instance of hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, or kidney transplantation at the study cohort entry date or within 183 days before the study cohort entry date.