The purpose of this study is to understand how COVID-19 affects people's ability to work and to calculate the costs associated with loss of work. The study compares two groups of participants who are confirmed to have mild-to moderated COVID-19 and who have high chances of the disease becoming severe. The two groups are: People who took the antiviral medication nirmatrelvir-ritonavir (also called Paxlovid) People who were eligible to receive antiviral medication but did not receive any. The participants will be selected from various health databases in the US between June 2021 and December 2022. The main goals are: To look at the characteristics of both groups of participants with COVID-19. To measure how much work these participants missed, including days off and sick leave, and the costs associated with this work loss. To compare work loss and costs between the two groups of participants, considering differences in their clinical and demographic characteristics. The study will evaluate at least 30 days of data from participants after they are confirmed to have COVID-19
Study Type
OBSERVATIONAL
Enrollment
131,005
Participants with confirmed diagnosis of Covid-19 and with mild to moderate symptoms at high-risk for progressing to severe disease
Pfizer New York
New York, New York, United States
Number of Participants According to Age Group: Unmatched Participants
Age group was categorized into following categories: 18-29 years, 30-39 years, 40-49 years, 50-64 years and 65-74 years. Index date was the date of first COVID-19 diagnosis. In this outcome measure, data was reported for unmatched participants, they were further sub-grouped on the basis of outcome of COVID-19: eligible for absence from work, eligible for short term disability and eligible for long term disability. These sub-groups were not mutually exclusive; some participants might be represented in more than one category.
Time frame: At index date (any date during index date identification period of approximately 11.5 months); retrospective data collected was evaluated in 0.5 months of this study
Number of Participants According to Age Group: Matched Participants
Age group was categorized into following categories: 18-29 years, 30-39 years, 40-49 years, 50-64 years and 65-74 years. Index date was the date of first COVID-19 diagnosis. In this outcome measure, data was reported for matched participants, they were further sub-grouped on the basis of outcome of COVID-19: eligible for absence from work, eligible for short term disability and eligible for long term disability. These sub-groups were not mutually exclusive; some participants might be represented in more than one category.
Time frame: At index date (any date during index date identification period of approximately 11.5 months); retrospective data collected was evaluated in 0.5 months of this study
Number of Participants According to Sex: Unmatched Participants
Sex was categorized as: female and male. Index date was the date of first COVID-19 diagnosis. In this outcome measure, data was reported for unmatched participants, they were further sub-grouped on the basis of outcome of COVID-19: eligible for absence from work, eligible for short term disability and eligible for long term disability. These sub-groups were not mutually exclusive; some participants might be represented in more than one category.
Time frame: At index date (any date during index date identification period of approximately 11.5 months); retrospective data collected was evaluated in 0.5 months of this study
Number of Participants According to Sex: Matched Participants
Sex was categorized as: female and male. Index date was the date of first COVID-19 diagnosis. In this outcome measure, data was reported for matched participants, they were further sub-grouped on the basis of outcome of COVID-19: eligible for absence from work, eligible for short term disability and eligible for long term disability. These sub-groups were not mutually exclusive; some participants might be represented in more than one category.
Time frame: At index date (any date during index date identification period of approximately 11.5 months); retrospective data collected was evaluated in 0.5 months of this study
Number of Participants According to Region of Residence: Unmatched Participants
Region of residence was categorized into following categories: Northeast, North Central, South, West, and other/ missing. Index date was the date of first COVID-19 diagnosis. In this outcome measure, data was reported for unmatched participants, they were further sub-grouped on the basis of outcome of COVID-19: eligible for absence from work, eligible for short term disability and eligible for long term disability. These sub-groups were not mutually exclusive; some participants might be represented in more than one category.
Time frame: At index date (any date during index date identification period of approximately 11.5 months); retrospective data collected was evaluated in 0.5 months of this study
Number of Participants According to Region of Residence: Matched Participants
Region of residence was categorized into following categories: Northeast, North Central, South, West and other/ missing. Index date was the date of first COVID-19 diagnosis. In this outcome measure, data was reported for matched participants, they were further sub-grouped on the basis of outcome of COVID-19: eligible for absence from work, eligible for short term disability and eligible for long term disability. These sub-groups were not mutually exclusive; some participants might be represented in more than one category.
Time frame: At index date (any date during index date identification period of approximately 11.5 months); retrospective data collected was evaluated in 0.5 months of this study
Number of Participants According to Payer Type: Unmatched Participants
Payer type was categorized as: commercial and medicare. Index date was the date of first COVID-19 diagnosis. In this outcome measure, data was reported for unmatched participants, they were further sub-grouped on the basis of outcome of COVID-19: eligible for absence from work, eligible for short term disability and eligible for long term disability. These sub-groups were not mutually exclusive; some participants might be represented in more than one category.
Time frame: At index date (any date during index date identification period of approximately 11.5 months); retrospective data collected was evaluated in 0.5 months of this study
Number of Participants According to Payer Type: Matched Participants
Payer type was categorized as: commercial and medicare. Index date was the date of first COVID-19 diagnosis. In this outcome measure, data was reported for matched participants, they were further sub-grouped on the basis of outcome of COVID-19: eligible for absence from work, eligible for short term disability and eligible for long term disability. These sub-groups were not mutually exclusive; some participants might be represented in more than one category.
Time frame: At index date (any date during index date identification period of approximately 11.5 months); retrospective data collected was evaluated in 0.5 months of this study
Number of Participants According to Insurance Plan Type: Unmatched Participants
Insurance plan type was categorized into following categories: comprehensive/indemnity, exclusive/preferred provider organization (EPO/PPO), point of service capitation (POS) with or without capitation, health maintenance organization (HMO), consumer driven/ high-deductible health plan (CDHP/HDHP) and missing/unknown. Index date was the date of first COVID-19 diagnosis. In this outcome measure, data was reported for unmatched participants, they were further sub-grouped on the basis of outcome of COVID-19: eligible for absence from work, eligible for short term disability and eligible for long term disability. These sub-groups were not mutually exclusive; some participants might be represented in more than one category.
Time frame: At index date (any date during index date identification period of approximately 11.5 months); retrospective data collected was evaluated in 0.5 months of this study
Number of Participants According to Insurance Plan Type: Matched Participants
Insurance plan type was categorized into following categories: comprehensive/indemnity, EPO/PPO, POS with or without capitation, HMO, CDHP/HDHP and missing/unknown. Index date was the date of first COVID-19 diagnosis. In this outcome measure, data was reported for matched participants, they were further sub-grouped on the basis of outcome of COVID-19: eligible for absence from work, eligible for short term disability and eligible for long term disability. These sub-groups were not mutually exclusive; some participants might be represented in more than one category.
Time frame: At index date (any date during index date identification period of approximately 11.5 months); retrospective data collected was evaluated in 0.5 months of this study
Number of Participants According to Industry Type: Unmatched Participants
Industry type was categorized into following categories: finance/insurance/real estate, manufacturing (durable/non-durable goods), retail trade, services, transportation/communications/utilities and other. Index date was the date of first COVID-19 diagnosis. In this outcome measure, data was reported for unmatched participants, they were further sub-grouped on the basis of outcome of COVID-19: eligible for absence from work, eligible for short term disability and eligible for long term disability. These sub-groups were not mutually exclusive; some participants might be represented in more than one category.
Time frame: At index date (any date during index date identification period of approximately 11.5 months); retrospective data collected was evaluated in 0.5 months of this study
Number of Participants According to Industry Type: Matched Participants
Industry type was categorized into following categories: finance/insurance/real estate, manufacturing (durable/non-durable goods), retail trade, services, transportation/communications/utilities and other. Index date was the date of first COVID-19 diagnosis. In this outcome measure, data was reported for matched participants, they were further sub-grouped on the basis of outcome of COVID-19: eligible for absence from work, eligible for short term disability and eligible for long term disability. These sub-groups were not mutually exclusive; some participants might be represented in more than one category.
Time frame: At index date (any date during index date identification period of approximately 11.5 months); retrospective data collected was evaluated in 0.5 months of this study
Number of Participants According to Quarter (Q) of Index Year: Unmatched Participants
Quarter of index year was categorized into following categories: Q4 2021, Q1 2022, Q2 2022, Q3 2022 and Q4 2022. Index date was the date of first COVID-19 diagnosis. In this outcome measure, data was reported for unmatched participants, they were further sub-grouped on the basis of outcome of COVID-19: eligible for absence from work, eligible for short term disability and eligible for long term disability. These sub-groups were not mutually exclusive; some participants might be represented in more than one category.
Time frame: At index date (any date during index date identification period of approximately 11.5 months); retrospective data collected was evaluated in 0.5 months of this study
Number of Participants According to Quarter of Index Year: Matched Participants
Quarter of index year was categorized into following categories: Q4 2021, Q1 2022, Q2 2022, Q3 2022 and Q4 2022. Index date was the date of first COVID-19 diagnosis. In this outcome measure, data was reported for matched participants, they were further sub-grouped on the basis of outcome of COVID-19: eligible for absence from work, eligible for short term disability and eligible for long term disability. These sub-groups were not mutually exclusive; some participants might be represented in more than one category.
Time frame: At index date (any date during index date identification period of approximately 11.5 months); retrospective data collected was evaluated in 0.5 months of this study
Mean Duration of Follow-up: Unmatched Participants
Duration of follow-up was defined as number of months from (and including) the index date to the end of participants variable-length follow-up period. Index date was the date of first COVID-19 diagnosis. In this outcome measure, data was reported for unmatched participants, they were further sub-grouped on the basis of outcome of COVID-19: eligible for absence from work, eligible for short term disability and eligible for long term disability. These sub-groups were not mutually exclusive; some participants might be represented in more than one category.
Time frame: From index date to the end of follow-up (maximum follow-up was up to an average of 8.3 months during data observation of approximately 1.5 years); retrospective data collected was evaluated in 0.5 months of this study
Mean Duration of Follow-up: Matched Participants
Duration of follow-up was defined as number of months from (and including) the index date to the end of participants variable-length follow-up period. Index date was the date of first COVID-19 diagnosis. In this outcome measure, data was reported for matched participants, they were further sub-grouped on the basis of outcome of COVID-19: eligible for absence from work, eligible for short term disability and eligible for long term disability. These sub-groups were not mutually exclusive; some participants might be represented in more than one category.
Time frame: From index date to the end of follow-up (maximum follow-up was up to an average of 8.3 months during data observation of approximately 1.5 years); retrospective data collected was evaluated in 0.5 months of this study
Mean Elixhauser Comorbidity Index (ECI): Unmatched Participants
ECI was a measure of comorbidity based on ICD-10 codes. ECI score range was from 0-30. A higher score indicated more comorbidity. Index date was the date of first COVID-19 diagnosis. In this outcome measure, data was reported for unmatched participants, they were further sub-grouped on the basis of outcome of COVID-19: eligible for absence from work, eligible for short term disability and eligible for long term disability. These sub-groups were not mutually exclusive; some participants might be represented in more than one category.
Time frame: Pre-period (6 months period before index date; during data observation of approximately 1.5 years); retrospective data collected was evaluated in 0.5 months of this study
Mean ECI: Matched Participants
ECI was a measure of comorbidity based on ICD-10 codes. ECI score range was from 0-30. A higher score indicated more comorbidity. Index date was the date of first COVID-19 diagnosis. In this outcome measure, data was reported for matched participants, they were further sub-grouped on the basis of outcome of COVID-19: eligible for absence from work, eligible for short term disability and eligible for long term disability. These sub-groups were not mutually exclusive; some participants might be represented in more than one category.
Time frame: Pre-period (6 months period before index date; during data observation of approximately 1.5 years); retrospective data collected was evaluated in 0.5 months of this study
Mean Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI): Unmatched Participants
CCI based on various comorbid conditions such as cerebrovascular disease, chronic pulmonary disease, congestive heart failure, dementia, mild/moderate diabetes, diabetes with chronic complications, hemiplegia/paraplegia, human immunodeficiency virus(HIV), mild liver disease, moderate/severe liver disease, malignancy, metastatic solid tumor, myocardial infarction, peptic ulcer disease, peripheral vascular disease, renal disease, rheumatologic disease was reported. CCI score range was from 0 to 33, where "0"= low comorbid condition and "33"= high comorbid condition, higher scores indicated more comorbidity. Index date was the date of first COVID-19 diagnosis. Data was reported for unmatched participants, they were further sub-grouped on the basis of outcome of COVID-19: eligible for absence from work, eligible for short term disability and eligible for long term disability. These sub-groups were not mutually exclusive; some participants might be represented in more than one category.
Time frame: Pre-period (6 months period before index date; during data observation of approximately 1.5 years); retrospective data collected was evaluated in 0.5 months of this study
Mean CCI: Matched Participants
CCI based on various comorbid conditions such as cerebrovascular disease, chronic pulmonary disease, congestive heart failure, dementia, mild/moderate diabetes, diabetes with chronic complications, hemiplegia/paraplegia, HIV, mild liver disease, moderate/severe liver disease, malignancy, metastatic solid tumor, myocardial infarction, peptic ulcer disease, peripheral vascular disease, renal disease, rheumatologic disease was reported. CCI score range was from 0 to 33, where "0"= low comorbid condition and "33"= high comorbid condition, higher scores indicated more comorbidity. Index date was the date of first COVID-19 diagnosis. In this outcome measure, data was reported for matched participants, they were further sub-grouped on the basis of outcome of COVID-19: eligible for absence from work, eligible for short term disability and eligible for long term disability. These sub-groups were not mutually exclusive; some participants might be represented in more than one category.
Time frame: Pre-period (6 months period before index date; during data observation of approximately 1.5 years); retrospective data collected was evaluated in 0.5 months of this study
Number of Participants According to Comorbidities: Unmatched Participants
Comorbidities were categorized into following categories: cancer (current or history of), cardio/cerebrovascular disease, chronic kidney disease, chronic liver disease, diabetes mellitus, immunocompromised status, lung disease or tuberculosis, neurodevelopmental disorder/complex condition, overweight/obesity or smoking and pregnancy. Index date was the date of first COVID-19 diagnosis. In this outcome measure, data was reported for unmatched participants, they were further sub-grouped on the basis of outcome of COVID-19: eligible for absence from work, eligible for short term disability and eligible for long term disability. These sub-groups were not mutually exclusive; some participants might be represented in more than one category. Participant can have more than 1 comorbidity.
Time frame: Pre-period (6 months period before index date; during data observation of approximately 1.5 years); retrospective data collected was evaluated in 0.5 months of this study
Number of Participants According to Comorbidities: Matched Participants
Comorbidities were categorized into following categories: cancer (current or history of), cardio/cerebrovascular disease, chronic kidney disease, chronic liver disease, diabetes mellitus, immunocompromised status, lung disease or tuberculosis, neurodevelopmental disorder/complex condition, overweight/obesity or smoking and pregnancy. Index date was the date of first COVID-19 diagnosis. In this outcome measure, data was reported for matched participants, they were further sub-grouped on the basis of outcome of COVID-19: eligible for absence from work, eligible for short term disability and eligible for long term disability. These sub-groups were not mutually exclusive; some participants might be represented in more than one category. Participant can have more than 1 comorbidity.
Time frame: Pre-period (6 months period before index date; during data observation of approximately 1.5 years); retrospective data collected was evaluated in 0.5 months of this study
Number of High-risk Conditions Per Participant: Unmatched Participants
High risk conditions included cancer, cerebrovascular or peripheral vascular disease, chronic lung disease, chronic liver disease, cystic fibrosis, dementia, diabetes, disability, heart conditions, HIV, hypertension, immunocompromised state(primary immunodeficiencies, prolonged use of corticosteroids or other immunosuppressive medications, and other immunocompromised state), mental health conditions(mood disorder or schizophrenia), overweight or obesity, physical inactivity, pregnancy(current or recent), sickle cell disease or thalassemia, smoking (current or former), solid organ or blood stem cell transplant, substance use disorder, tuberculosis. Index date=date of first COVID-19 diagnosis. Data was reported for unmatched participants, they were further sub-grouped on basis of outcome of COVID-19: eligible for absence from work, short term disability, long term disability. These sub-groups were not mutually exclusive; some participants might be represented in more than one category.
Time frame: Pre-period (6 months period before index date; during data observation of approximately 1.5 years); retrospective data collected was evaluated in 0.5 months of this study
Number of High-risk Conditions Per Participant: Matched Participants
High risk conditions included cancer, cerebrovascular or peripheral vascular disease, chronic lung disease, chronic liver disease, cystic fibrosis, dementia, diabetes, disability, heart conditions, HIV, hypertension, immunocompromised state (primary immunodeficiencies, prolonged use of corticosteroids or other immunosuppressive medications, and other immunocompromised state), mental health conditions (mood disorder or schizophrenia), overweight or obesity, physical inactivity, pregnancy(current or recent), sickle cell disease or thalassemia, smoking (current or former), solid organ or blood stem cell transplant, substance use disorder, tuberculosis. Index date=date of first COVID-19 diagnosis. Data was reported for matched participants, they were further sub-grouped on basis of outcome of COVID-19: eligible for absence from work, short term disability, long term disability. These sub-groups were not mutually exclusive; some participants might be represented in more than one category.
Time frame: Pre-period (6 months period before index date; during data observation of approximately 1.5 years); retrospective data collected was evaluated in 0.5 months of this study
Number of Participants According to COVID-19 Vaccination Status: Unmatched Participant
Number of participants with \>=1 claim for a COVID-19 vaccination during the pre-period was reported in this outcome measure. Index date was the date of first COVID-19 diagnosis. In this outcome measure, data was reported for unmatched participants, they were further sub-grouped on the basis of outcome of COVID-19: eligible for absence from work, eligible for short term disability and eligible for long term disability. These sub-groups were not mutually exclusive; some participants might be represented in more than one category.
Time frame: Pre-period (6 months period before index date; during data observation of approximately 1.5 years); retrospective data collected was evaluated in 0.5 months of this study
Number of Participants According to COVID-19 Vaccination Status: Matched Participant
Number of participants with \>=1 claim for a COVID-19 vaccination during the pre-period was reported in this outcome measure. Index date was the date of first COVID-19 diagnosis. In this outcome measure, data was reported for matched participants, they were further sub-grouped on the basis of outcome of COVID-19: eligible for absence from work, eligible for short term disability and eligible for long term disability. These sub-groups were not mutually exclusive; some participants might be represented in more than one category.
Time frame: Pre-period (6 months period before index date; during data observation of approximately 1.5 years); retrospective data collected was evaluated in 0.5 months of this study
Number of Participants With One or More Prior Hospitalization: Unmatched Participants
Prior hospitalization indicated participants who had one or more inpatients visits in the pre-period. Index date was the date of first COVID-19 diagnosis. In this outcome measure, data was reported for unmatched participants, they were further sub-grouped on the basis of outcome of COVID-19: eligible for absence from work, eligible for short term disability and eligible for long term disability. These sub-groups were not mutually exclusive; some participants might be represented in more than one category.
Time frame: Pre-period (6 months period before index date; during data observation of approximately 1.5 years); retrospective data collected was evaluated in 0.5 months of this study
Number of Participants With One or More Prior Hospitalization: Matched Participants
Prior hospitalization indicated participants who had one or more inpatients visits in the pre-period. Index date was the date of first COVID-19 diagnosis. In this outcome measure, data was reported for matched participants, they were further sub-grouped on the basis of outcome of COVID-19: eligible for absence from work, eligible for short term disability and eligible for long term disability. These sub-groups were not mutually exclusive; some participants might be represented in more than one category.
Time frame: Pre-period (6 months period before index date; during data observation of approximately 1.5 years); retrospective data collected was evaluated in 0.5 months of this study
Number of Participants With One or More Prior Emergency Room (ER) Visit: Unmatched Participants
Prior ER visit indicates participants who had one or more ER visits in pre-period. Index date was the date of first COVID-19 diagnosis. In this outcome measure, data was reported for unmatched participants, they were further sub-grouped on the basis of outcome of COVID-19: eligible for absence from work, eligible for short term disability and eligible for long term disability. These sub-groups were not mutually exclusive; some participants might be represented in more than one category.
Time frame: Pre-period (6 months period before index date; during data observation of approximately 1.5 years); retrospective data collected was evaluated in 0.5 months of this study
Number of Participants With One or More Prior Emergency Room (ER) Visit: Matched Participants
Prior ER visit indicates participants who had one or more ER visits in pre-period. Index date was the date of first COVID-19 diagnosis. In this outcome measure, data was reported for matched participants, they were further sub-grouped on the basis of outcome of COVID-19: eligible for absence from work, eligible for short term disability and eligible for long term disability. These sub-groups were not mutually exclusive; some participants might be represented in more than one category.
Time frame: Pre-period (6 months period before index date; during data observation of approximately 1.5 years); retrospective data collected was evaluated in 0.5 months of this study
Number of Participants With Presence of Any Absence Records: Matched Participants
Number of participants with presence of any absence records was reported in this outcome measure. Index date was the date of first COVID-19 diagnosis.
Time frame: From index date to the end of follow-up (maximum follow-up was up to an average of 8.3 months during data observation of approximately 1.5 years); retrospective data collected was evaluated in 0.5 months of this study
Mean Number of Absence Days Per Participant Per Month (PPPM): Matched Participants
In this outcome measure mean number of absence days PPPM was reported. Index date was the date of first COVID-19 diagnosis.
Time frame: From index date to the end of follow-up (maximum follow-up was up to an average of 8.3 months during data observation of approximately 1.5 years); retrospective data collected was evaluated in 0.5 months of this study
Number of Participants According to Type for Absence Claim: Matched Participants
Absence days was reported by absence type: sick, disability and recreational absence. Sick, disability and recreational absence were the leaves which participants took during the study period. Sick absence referred to the time away from work due to an employee's own illness or medical condition, this may be also used for bereavement, caring for a family member with a serious health condition, adoption-related medical needs. Disability absence was recorded when an employee was unable to work due to a short-term or long-term disability. Recreational absence referred to the time off taken for non-medical, personal reasons, such as vacation, personal leave, leisure, or wellness days. Index date was the date of first COVID-19 diagnosis. One participant may have more than one type of absence claim.
Time frame: From index date to the end of follow-up (maximum follow-up was up to an average of 8.3 months during data observation of approximately 1.5 years); retrospective data collected was evaluated in 0.5 months of this study
Mean Cost of Absence Days: Matched Participants
Estimated sum of wages associated with absence days was calculated as daily wage multiplied by absence days was reported PPPM in this outcome measure. Index date was the date of first COVID-19 diagnosis.
Time frame: From index date to the end of follow-up (maximum follow-up was up to an average of 8.3 months during data observation of approximately 1.5 years); retrospective data collected was evaluated in 0.5 months of this study
Number of Participants With Any Short Term Disability (STD) Claim: Matched Participants
Number of participants with presence of any STD claim was reported in this outcome measure. Index date was the date of first COVID-19 diagnosis.
Time frame: From index date to the end of follow-up (maximum follow-up was up to an average of 8.3 months during data observation of approximately 1.5 years); retrospective data collected was evaluated in 0.5 months of this study
Mean Number of STD Days PPPM: Matched Participants
In this outcome measure mean number of STD days PPPM was reported. Index date was the date of first COVID-19 diagnosis.
Time frame: From index date to the end of follow-up (maximum follow-up was up to an average of 8.3 months during data observation of approximately 1.5 years); retrospective data collected was evaluated in 0.5 months of this study
Number of Participants According to Reason for STD Claim: Matched Participants
Reasons for STD were classified as COVID-19 related or non-COVID-19 related or missing/unknown. Index date was the date of first COVID-19 diagnosis.
Time frame: From index date to the end of follow-up (maximum follow-up was up to an average of 8.3 months during data observation of approximately 1.5 years); retrospective data collected was evaluated in 0.5 months of this study
Mean Cost of STD Days: Matched Participants
Estimated sum of wages associated with absence days STD claim was calculated as 70 percentage (%) of daily wage multiplied by STD days was reported PPPM in this outcome measure. Index date was the date of first COVID-19 diagnosis.
Time frame: From index date to the end of follow-up (maximum follow-up was up to an average of 8.3 months during data observation of approximately 1.5 years); retrospective data collected was evaluated in 0.5 months of this study
Number of Participants With Any Long Term Disability (LTD) Claim: Matched Participants
Number of participants with presence of any LTD claim was reported in this outcome measure. Index date was the date of first COVID-19 diagnosis.
Time frame: From index date to the end of follow-up (maximum follow-up was up to an average of 8.3 months during data observation of approximately 1.5 years); retrospective data collected was evaluated in 0.5 months of this study
Mean Number of LTD Days PPPM: Matched Participants
In this outcome measure mean number of LTD days PPPM was reported. Index date was the date of first COVID-19 diagnosis.
Time frame: From index date to the end of follow-up (maximum follow-up was up to an average of 8.3 months during data observation of approximately 1.5 years); retrospective data collected was evaluated in 0.5 months of this study
Number of Participants According to Reason for LTD Claim: Matched Participants
Reasons for LTD were classified as COVID-19 related or non-COVID-19 related or missing/unknown. Index date was the date of first COVID-19 diagnosis.
Time frame: From index date to the end of follow-up (maximum follow-up was up to an average of 8.3 months during data observation of approximately 1.5 years); retrospective data collected was evaluated in 0.5 months of this study
Mean Cost of LTD Days: Matched Participants
Estimated sum of wages associated with absence days LTD claim was calculated as 70 percent (%) of daily wage multiplied by LTD days was reported PPPM in this outcome measure. Index date was the date of first COVID-19 diagnosis.
Time frame: From index date to the end of follow-up (maximum follow-up was up to an average of 8.3 months during data observation of approximately 1.5 years); retrospective data collected was evaluated in 0.5 months of this study
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