This study aims to investigate the effects of forgiveness education.
Participation in this study will contribute to promoting the physical and mental health of college school students, improving their quality of life, and maintaining campus and online security. The intervention program involved in this study is to better psychological welfare. The number of questionnaires at each testing time is 9 (pre-intervention test only has 7 questionnaires to fill in due to previously completed 2 questionnaires in the eligibility survey), and the approximate length of time it will take to complete the scales is around 40 minutes. Updated post-intervention for clarity: In collaboration with a counselor in Changzhi Preschool Teachers College, located in the city of Changzhi, Shanxi Province, China, the investigators will apply a Randomized Trial Group Control Group with Pre-test, Post-test, and Follow-up Design in this study. Forty Grade-2 and Grade-3 college students will be randomly divided into groups A and B. * Group A will undergo a 12-week forgiveness course and a 4-week follow-up wait. * Group B will go through a 12-week wait and a 4-week follow-up wait. For the experimental group, there will be one class per week. Questionnaires will be conducted at three time points separated by two large time periods. Levels of anger, anxiety, forgiveness, hope, self-esteem, human flourishing, and bullying among participants in both groups will be measured. In particular, the investigators will continue asking teachers about each student's bullying behavior, who was identified as showing bullying at the screening (prior to the intervention), regarding these same students at post-tests and at follow-up. This will help determine whether bullying is going down among these students. As a crucial supplement to the survey data collection, the investigators will also refer to the semi-structured interviews in a highly proportional manner at two time points, namely T1 and T3. In other words, this study will apply mixed methods to achieve research goals.
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
NONE
Enrollment
40
The curriculum will apply the textbook of "Forgiveness is a Choice: A Step-by-Step Process for Resolving Anger and Restoring Hope" written by Dr. Robert Enright.
Changzhi Preschool Teachers College
Changzhi, Shanxi, China
Flourishing Scale Score
8-items scored on a 7 point likert scale from 1 (strongly disagree) to 7 (strongly agree) for a total possible range of scores from 8 to 56 where higher scores demonstrate a person with many psychological resources and strengths.
Time frame: pre-intervention (baseline), post-intervention (12 weeks on study), follow-up (16 weeks on study)
Social Desirability Scale Score
33-item true or false survey where the score is the sum of statements assessed to be true. Scores range from 0-33, where higher scores indicate higher social desirability.
Time frame: pre-intervention (baseline), post-intervention (12 weeks on study), follow-up (16 weeks on study)
Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale Score
10-item measure scored from 1 (strongly agree) to 4 (strongly disagree). After accounting for several reverse-scored items, scores are summed from 10 to 40, higher scores indicate higher self-esteem.
Time frame: pre-intervention (baseline), post-intervention (12 weeks on study), follow-up (16 weeks on study)
PROMIS Emotional Distress - Anger Score
5-item survey scored from 1 (never) to 5 (always) for a range of scores from 5 to 25 where higher scores indicate increased anger.
Time frame: pre-intervention (baseline), post-intervention (12 weeks on study), follow-up (16 weeks on study)
PROMIS Emotional Distress - Anxiety Score
8-item survey scored from 1 (never) to 5 (always) for a range of scores from 8 to 40 where higher scores indicate increased anxiety.
Time frame: pre-intervention (baseline), post-intervention (12 weeks on study), follow-up (16 weeks on study)
Herth Hope Index Score
12-item survey, scores range from 12 to 48 where higher scores indicate higher hope.
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Time frame: pre-intervention (baseline), post-intervention (12 weeks on study), follow-up (16 weeks on study)
Enright Forgiveness Inventory (EFI-30) Short Form Score
EFI-30 surveys 3 subscales for forgiveness: affective, behavioral, cognitive. It is scored from 1 (strongly disagree) to 6 (strongly agree), total scores range from 30-180, where higher scores indicate increased levels of forgiveness.
Time frame: pre-intervention (baseline), post-intervention (12 weeks on study), follow-up (16 weeks on study)
Illinois Bully Scale Score
The Illinois Bully Scale is composed of three subscales: bullying, fighting, victimization. Mean scores are from 1-5 where higher scores indicate increased involvement in bullying, fighting, or victimization.
Time frame: pre-intervention (baseline), post-intervention (12 weeks on study), follow-up (16 weeks on study)
Delaware Bullying Victimization Scale Score
This survey measures 4 dimensions of bullying: verbal, physical, social, and cyberbullying. Mean scores range from 1-6 where higher scores demonstrate more frequent victimization.
Time frame: pre-intervention (baseline), post-intervention (12 weeks on study), follow-up (16 weeks on study)