The two main groups of medicated patients with schizophrenia (SZ) are those receiving second-generation antipsychotics and those receiving first-generation antipsychotics. The purpose of this research project is to target each patient group to examine effects of rhythmic auditory stimulation (RAS) on upper-limb movements in medicated SZ patients in a 6-month follow-up period. The main questions of this project are: 1. Does RAS reduce severity of upper-limb bradykinesia (slow movements) and dyskinesia (repetitive and involuntary movements) after intervention, at 3-month follow-up and 6-month follow-up in SZ patients receiving second-generation antipsychotics? and 2. Does RAS reduce severity of upper-limb bradykinesia and dyskinesia after intervention, at 3-month follow-up and 6-month follow-up in SZ patients receiving first-generation antipsychotics? Researchers will compare upper-limb movement training with the aid of RAS to upper-limb movement training without the aid of RAS to see if RAS works to improve upper-limb movements in SZ patients. Participants will: 1. Undergo an interview and movement tests and fill out questionnaires before and after the movement training program and at 3-month follow-up and 6-month follow-up; and 2. Receive movement training for 40 minutes per session for a total of 21 sessions.
Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
SINGLE
Enrollment
140
RAS will be metronome beat sound with different tempi and will be incorporated in upper-limb movement training, which will last for 40 minutes per session for a total of 21 sessions.
Upper-limb movement training will last for 40 minutes per session for a total of 21 sessions.
National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences
Taipei, Taiwan
Purdue pegboard test
A larger value (the number of inserted pins) means a faster movement.
Time frame: Up to 1 week right before the 1st session of the intervention
Purdue pegboard test
A larger value (the number of inserted pins) means a faster
Time frame: Up to 1 week right after the last session of the intervention
Purdue pegboard test
A larger value (the number of inserted pins) means a faster movement.
Time frame: After three months following the last session of the intervention
Purdue pegboard test
A larger value (the number of inserted pins) means a faster movement.
Time frame: After six months following the last session of the intervention
Box and Block Test
A larger value (the number of blocks) means a faster movement.
Time frame: Up to 1 week right before the 1st session of the intervention
Box and Block Test
A larger value (the number of blocks) means a faster movement.
Time frame: Up to 1 week right after the last session of the intervention
Box and Block Test
A larger value (the number of blocks) means a faster movement.
Time frame: After three months following the last session of the intervention
Box and Block Test
A larger value (the number of blocks) means a faster movement.
Time frame: After six months following the last session of the intervention
Extrapyramidal Symptom Rating Scale
A larger score means more severe bradykinesia
Time frame: Up to 1 week right before the 1st session of the intervention
Extrapyramidal Symptom Rating Scale
A larger score means more severe bradykinesia
Time frame: Up to 1 week right after the last session of the intervention
Extrapyramidal Symptom Rating Scale
A larger score means more severe bradykinesia
Time frame: After three months following the last session of the intervention
Extrapyramidal Symptom Rating Scale
A larger score means more severe bradykinesia
Time frame: After six months following the last session of the intervention
Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale
A larger score means more severe dyskinesia
Time frame: Up to 1 week right before the 1st session of the intervention
Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale
A larger score means more severe dyskinesia
Time frame: Up to 1 week right after the last session of the intervention
Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale
A larger score means more severe dyskinesia
Time frame: After three months following the last session of the intervention
Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale
A larger score means more severe dyskinesia
Time frame: After six months following the last session of the intervention
Jebsen-Taylor Hand Function Test
A larger value (the time for completing the task) of each task means a slower movement.
Time frame: Up to 1 week right before the 1st session of the intervention
Jebsen-Taylor Hand Function Test
A larger value (the time for completing the task) of each task means a slower movement.
Time frame: Up to 1 week right after the last session of the intervention
Jebsen-Taylor Hand Function Test
A larger value (the time for completing the task) of each task means a slower movement.
Time frame: After three months following the last session of the intervention
Jebsen-Taylor Hand Function Test
A larger value (the time for completing the task) of each task means a slower movement.
Time frame: After six months following the last session of the intervention
Averaged weekly working hours
A larger value (working hours) means higher working function.
Time frame: Up to 1 week right before the 1st session of the intervention
Averaged weekly working hours
A larger value (working hours) means higher working function.
Time frame: Up to 1 week right after the last session of the intervention
Averaged weekly working hours
A larger value (working hours) means higher working function.
Time frame: After three months following the last session of the intervention
Averaged weekly working hours
A larger value (working hours) means higher working function.
Time frame: After six months following the last session of the intervention
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The short version of the World Health Organization Quality of Life questionnaire
A larger score means higher quality of life.
Time frame: Up to 1 week right before the 1st session of the intervention
The short version of the World Health Organization Quality of Life questionnaire
A larger score means higher quality of life.
Time frame: Up to 1 week right after the last session of the intervention
The short version of the World Health Organization Quality of Life questionnaire
A larger score means higher quality of life.
Time frame: After three months following the last session of the intervention
The short version of the World Health Organization Quality of Life questionnaire
A larger score means higher quality of life.
Time frame: After six months following the last session of the intervention
Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale
A larger score means more severe psychotic symptoms.
Time frame: Up to 1 week right before the 1st session of the intervention
Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale
A larger score means more severe psychotic symptoms.
Time frame: Up to 1 week right after the last session of the intervention
Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale
A larger score means more severe psychotic symptoms.
Time frame: After three months following the last session of the intervention
Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale
A larger score means more severe psychotic symptoms.
Time frame: After six months following the last session of the intervention
The Montreal Cognitive Assessment
A larger score means higher cognition.
Time frame: Up to 1 week right before the 1st session of the intervention
The Montreal Cognitive Assessment
A larger score means higher cognition.
Time frame: Up to 1 week right after the last session of the intervention
The Montreal Cognitive Assessment
A larger score means higher cognition.
Time frame: After three months following the last session of the intervention
The Montreal Cognitive Assessment
A larger score means higher cognition.
Time frame: After six months following the last session of the intervention